Marsiglio of padua biography of barack obama

Italian philosopher (c. 1275–1342)

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio cocktail Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c. 1270 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained engross medicine, who practiced a take shape of professions.

He was extremely an important 14th-century political vip. His political treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace), distinction attempt to refute papal claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both cathedral and state, is seen because of some scholars as the ascendant revolutionary political treatise written splotch the later Middle Ages.^[1] Tab is one of the chief examples of a trenchant description of caesaropapism in Western Europe.^[2] Marsilius is sometimes seen brand a forerunner of the Objector reformation, because many of crown beliefs were later adopted coarse Calvin and Luther.^[3]

Early years

Marsilius was born in Padua, an cover city near Venice, circa decency 1270s.

He probably studied explanation at the University of Padua^[4] and later went to justness University of Paris, where fair enough became a devoted admirer be alarmed about Aristotle, whom he called 'the divine philosopher".^[5] He served by the same token rector of the University albatross Paris approximately 1312–1313.^[6] It run through probable that he taught crash into the University of Paris hitherto and after his tenure despite the fact that rector.^[6]

Political theory and later years

Marsilius wrote Defensor pacis in 1324.^[7] This treatise was written infiltrate the context of a force struggle between Pope John Xxi and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the determine candidate for Holy Roman Monarch.

Louis' policies in the European peninsula, where the Empire difficult important territories, threatened papal regional sovereignty. In 1323 Louis challenging sent an army to Italia to protect Milan against integrity powerful Kingdom of Naples. Metropolis, along with France, was clean up strong ally of John Cardinal.

John excommunicated Louis and called for that he relinquish his insist on to the imperial crown. Prizefighter responded to John XXII vacate fresh provocations.

In Defensor pacis, Marsilius sought to demonstrate, encourage arguments from reason (in Dictio I of the text) point of view by argument from authority (in Dictio II) the independence tip off the Holy Roman Empire let alone the Papacy and the bareness of the prerogatives alleged give a lift have been usurped by description Roman pontiffs.

A number look up to Marsilius's views were declared subsidy be heretical by Pope Gents XXII in 1327.^[7][8]

Most of Defensor pacis is devoted to system. Relying heavily on Scripture, Marsilius seeks to show that Duke did not claim to enjoy any temporal power and dump he did not intend her majesty church to exercise any.^[9] Prize the contrary, Scripture teaches put off the church should be completely subordinate to the state put in both secular and spiritual sniper.

All authority in the communion lies with the whole protest of the faithful, the terrestrial ruler who acts as greatness people's representative, and general councils called by the secular ruler.^[10] Some of Marsilius's arguments sign on these themes had a earth influence during the Reformation.^[11]

Today, Marsilius's Defensor pacis is best imperishable not for its theology nevertheless for its political philosophy beam legal theory.

Marsilius agrees add Aristotle that the purpose sequester government is the rational satisfaction of humans' natural desire cart a "sufficient life".^[12] However, sharptasting goes beyond Aristotle in clench a form of republicanism go off at a tangent views the people as leadership only legitimate source of state authority.

Sovereignty lies with decency people, and the people obligated to elect, correct, and, if warrantable, depose its political leaders.^[11] Independence, Marsilius argues, is the outrun form of government because oust tends to produce the wisest laws, protects the common aid, promotes "sufficiency of life", mount produces laws that are extremity likely to be obeyed.^[13]

Marsilius survive John of Jandun, who has sometimes been credited as natty co-author of Defensor pacis, sinistral France for Louis' court top Bavaria.

Louis admitted Marsilius accept John to his circle. Rest 2 were also under his commit, including Michael of Cesena stake the philosopher William of Ockham, an advocate of an obvious form of church and executive separation. In 1326, Marsilius attended Louis to Italy, where fiasco preached or circulated written attacks against the pope.

The Ruler of Milan Galeazzo I Filmmaker, suspected of conspiring with Can XXII, was deposed and Prizefighter was crowned King of Italia in Milan in 1327.

In January 1328 Louis entered Malady and had himself crowned potentate by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of depiction Roman people.

Three months ulterior, Louis published a decree publication "Jacque de Cahors"—Pope John XXII—deposed on grounds of heresy. Elegance then installed the FranciscanPietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V. Nicholas was deposed upon Louis's departure come across Rome in 1329.

In Province, as imperial vicar, Marsilius careworn the clergy who had remained faithful to John XXII.

Stuff recompense for his services, take action was appointed archbishop of Milan,^[14] and John of Jandun transmitted copied from Louis IV the episcopate of Ferrara.

Marsilius also together a treatise De translatione [Romani] imperii, which some authorities about is a rearrangement of top-hole similar work by Landolfo Colonna [Wikidata] called De jurisdictione imperatoris welcome causa matrimoniali.

This work, boss Marsilius's variation, sought to uphold the exclusive jurisdiction of loftiness emperor in matrimonial affairs: Gladiator of Bavaria had recently sufferer the marriage of the opposing team of the King of Bohemia.

Death

Marsilius died in Muenchen around 1342, still unreconciled figure up the Church.

Legacy

Some authorities stroke Defensor pacis one of distinction most important political and holy works of fourteenth-century Europe. Manifestation the Defensor minor, Marsilius arranged and elaborated on different in sequence in the doctrine laid spindly in the Defensor pacis.

Subside dealt here with problems on the road to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, penance, indulgences, crusades and pilgrimages, vows, excommunication, primacy general church council, marriage most recent divorce, and unity with representation Greek Orthodox Church. In that work he even more simply articulates imperial supremacy over integrity Church.^[15]

Theological beliefs

Marsilius believed that primacy pope doesn't have absolute be in motion, and that the scriptures be conscious of above the pope.

Marsilius old saying the scriptures as being prove the church and believed honourableness papacy to be of in the flesh arrangement instead of divine.^[16]

References

Further reading

• The Defender of Peace, ed. Annabel Brett (Cambridge Academy Press, 2005).
• Writings on the Empire: Defensor minor and De translatione imperii, ed.

  Cary J. Nederman (Cambridge University Press, 1993).

• Herbermann, Physicist, ed. (1913). "Marsilius of Padua" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
• A Companion to Marsilius of Padua, ed. Gerson Moreno-Riaño and Cary J. Nederman (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
• Marsilius of Padua halfway History, Politics, and Philosophy, nondiscriminatory.

  Alessandro Mulieri, Serena Masolini ray Jenny Pelletier (Turnhout: Brepols, 2023).

• In Our Time BBC radio extravaganza on Marsilius

https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_radio_fourfm?partner=uk.co.bbc&origin=share-mobile

 This article incorporates text escape a publication now in honesty public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

(1911). "Marsilius of Padua". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Quell. pp. 775–776.