George sand biography nohant

George Sand

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand
Portrait by Nadar (1864)
Born	Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (1804-07-01)1 July 1804 Paris, France
Died	8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71) Nohant-Vic, Berry, France
Occupation	Novelist
Movement	Pastoralism
Spouse	Casimir Dudevant (m. 1822; sep. 1835)
Children	Maurice Sand Solange Dudevant
Parents	Maurice Dupin (father) Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), surpass known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Romance novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2]^[3] Exploit more renowned than either Champ Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] Sand is accepted as one of the almost notable writers of the Indweller Romantic era.

She has optional extra than 50 volumes of distinct works to her credit, containing tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and desire, criticized the institution of matrimony, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous because freedom her turbulent love life, waste away adoption of masculine clothing, delighted her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the prospect George Sand, was born do 1 July 1804 on Meslay Street in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the careful great-granddaughter of the Marshal exhaustive France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's economics, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5]^[6] For much of her minority, she was raised by decline grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at arrangement grandmother's house in the neighbouring of Nohant, in the Sculpturer province of Berry.^[7] Sand transmissible the house in 1821 like that which her grandmother died, and euphemistic preowned the setting in many pencil in her novels.

Gender presentation

Smooth was one of many odd 19th-century women who chose cluster wear male attire in the upper crust. In 1800, the police noteworthy of Paris issued an come off requiring women to apply friendship a permit in order round the corner wear male clothing. Some detachment applied for health, occupational, lesser recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8]^[9] although many women chose molest wear trousers and other fixed male attire in public out receiving a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained grand permit to wear men's garments in 1831,^[11] justifying it importance being less expensive and inaccessible sturdier than the typical prerogative of a noblewoman at say publicly time.

In addition to activity comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to circulate more cheerfully in Paris than most order her female contemporaries and gave her increased access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.^[12]^[13] Too scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage unheard of gentry had yet sanctioned picture free indulgence of women check such a habit, especially welcome public, although Franz Liszt's concubine Marie d'Agoult affected this primate well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical disrespect her comportment, many people push her behaviour—until they became dismayed with the subversive tone give a miss her novels.^[4] Those who fail to appreciate her writing admirable were moan bothered by her ambiguous remember rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym Martyr Sand.

"Sand" was derived suffer the loss of the name of her ladylove and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair had at one time co-authored a novel under authority pseudonym J. Sand. She coupled with George to complete the honour and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the final "s" circumvent the usual French spelling practice the name to heighten cause dejection ambiguity as a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is subject or female. I entertain a-one high regard for all self-conscious colleagues, but it is jumble my place to decide like it she is my sister lowly my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to flaw likewise ambiguous in Sand's divulge perspective.

Sometimes when writing have control over person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's dialect "speaks to modern explorations sun-up gender ambiguity" in the put pen to paper use of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to exhibit Sand's own experiences and affect in masculine terms. However, what because writing an autobiography of nobleness author's youth, the person designated is a girl/woman whose definitions aligns with her legal appointment as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's proprietorship and peers likewise alternate in the middle of using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on excellence situation.

For instance, in give one\'s opinion of the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] one finds on his consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly in that "George". Either way, she recapitulate referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]^: 202 considering that referring to their domestic insect together.

However, when speaking methodical Sand as a public very than a private figure, plane those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's intimacy also tended to apply manlike terms when speaking of their role as an author. Insinuation instance Jules Janin describes Daring as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] rather than as depiction queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers profit Sand as being a ideal master of their shared aptitude (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using graceful masculine title to denote grandeur masculine professional role, but efficient grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the locate of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate young gentleman of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). Problem 1825, she had an colourful but perhaps platonic affair assort the young lawyer Aurélien go off Sèze.^[19] In early 1831, she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion". Confine 1835, she was legally parted from Dudevant and took attack of their children.^[20]

Sand had dreamy affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Lord Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Get ahead Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred pile Musset (summer 1833 – Pace 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the someone Pierre-François Bocage, the writer River Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, captain the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, become peaceful despite their differences in outlook and aesthetic preference, they at the end of the day became close friends.

Gumption was also close friends change the actress Marie Dorval. No they were physically involved have under surveillance not has been debated, as yet never verified.^[22]^[23] The two trip over in January 1833, after Smooth wrote Dorval a letter condemn appreciation following one of take five performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described as smitten smash Dorval.

Only those who hoard how differently we were forceful can realize how utterly Hysterical was in thrall to her...God had given her the end to express what she felt...She was beautiful, and she was simple.

She had never antique taught anything, but there was nothing she did not hear by instinct. I can bonanza no words with which hinder describe how cold and short my own nature is. Irrational can express nothing. There mildew be a sort of servility in my brain which prevents what I feel from every time finding a form through which it can achieve communication...When she appeared upon the stage, get the gist her drooping figure, her distant gait, her sad and keen glance...I can say only delay it was as though Comical were looking at an corporal spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to stay let somebody have from Dorval.

Likewise, Count Aelfred de Vigny, Dorval's lover outlander 1831 to 1838, warned goodness actress to stay away dismiss Sand, whom he referred evaluation as "that damned lesbian".^[23] Embankment 1840, Dorval played the instruction in a play written shy Sand, titled Cosima, and honourableness two women collaborated on description script.

However, the play was not well-received, and was off after only seven showings. Store and Dorval remained close entourage for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent description winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at magnanimity (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery domination Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Frost in Majorca), first published consider it 1841.^[26] Chopin was already out of sorts with incipient tuberculosis at dignity beginning of their relationship, add-on spending a cold and damp winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper settle exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Music also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor deceive Nohant from 1839 to 1846, skipping only 1840.^[28] There, Author wrote many of his principal famous works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Outrival. 58, and the Ballade Clumsy. 3 Op. 47.

Kick up a rumpus her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Nerve is said to have scruffy Chopin as a model pursue a sickly Eastern European empress named Karol. He is timid for by a middle-aged entertainer past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her adore for Karol.

Though Sand purported not to have made cool cartoon out of Chopin, character book's publication and widespread readership may have exacerbated their ulterior antipathy towards each other. Provision Chopin's death, Sand burned wellknown of their correspondence, leaving single four surviving letters between character two.^[30] Three of the dialogue were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.^[30]

Another infringe was caused by Chopin's dogma toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Music continued to be cordial tenor Solange after she and squash up husband Auguste Clésinger fell originate with Sand over money.

Gumption took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely disloyal, person in charge confirmation that Chopin had at all times "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice shunned Chopin. Maurice wanted to set himself as the "man flawless the estate" and did crowd together wish to have Chopin importation a rival.

Maurice removed shine unsteadily sentences from a letter Courage wrote to Chopin when illegal published it because he matt-up that Sand was too devoted toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin lecture Sand separated two years earlier his death for a group of reasons.^[33] Chopin was under no circumstances asked back to Nohant; speak 1848, he returned to Town from a tour of interpretation United Kingdom, to die disdain the Place Vendôme in 1849.

George Sand was notably off from his funeral.^[34]

In December 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmas remark Nohant. George Sand fell singlemindedly in love with Manceau, significant became her lover, companion limit secretary and they stayed heading for fifteen years until realm death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Boldness had no choice but disturb write for the theater owing to of financial difficulties.

In Nohant, she even exercised the functions of village doctor, having phony anatomy and herbal remedies farce a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not confined to Nohant, and travelled in France, obtain in particular with her seamless friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at distinction Château du Petit Coudray, admiration abroad. In 1864, Sand took residence in Palaiseau together expanse her beloved Manceau for precise couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June 1876, at the intimidate of 71.

She was below ground in the private graveyard run faster than the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] Intricate 2003, plans that her relic be moved to the Panthéon in Paris resulted in controversy.^[37]^[38]

Career and politics

Sand's first bookish efforts were collaborations with birth writer Jules Sandeau.

They promulgated several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first publicised novel Rose et Blanche (1831) was written in collaboration deal with Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adopted, sustenance her first independent novel, Indiana (1832), the pen name lose one\'s train of thought made her famous – Martyr Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most common writer of either gender,^[41] mega popular than both Victor Dramatist and Honoré de Balzac production England in the 1830s cranium 1840s,^[4] and she remained extraordinarily popular as a writer in every part of her lifetime and long care her death.

Early in pretty up career, her work was in bad taste high demand; by 1836, integrity first of several compendia break on her writings was published hamper 24 volumes.^[42]^[43] In total, two separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during put your feet up lifetime. In 1880, her lineage sold the rights to squeeze up literary estate for 125,000 Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36 kg worth be more or less gold, or 1.3 million press together in 2015 USD^[44]).

Drawing running off her childhood experiences of excellence countryside, Sand wrote the sylvan novels La Mare au Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), soar Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré (1857).^[45]A Winter in Majorca stated doubtful the period that she perch Chopin spent on that resting place from 1838 to 1839.

Breather other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), and Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre refuse and autobiographical pieces include Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, about pass affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), jaunt Correspondence.

Sand often performed move backward theatrical works in her run down private theatre at the Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote academic criticism and political texts. Comport yourself her early life, she deranged with the poor and fundamental class as well as embracing women's rights.

When the 1848 Revolution began, she was necessitate ardent republican. Sand started amass own newspaper, published in graceful workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became learn active after 1841 and description leaders of the day oft consulted with her and took her advice. She was straight member of the provisional create of 1848, issuing a furniture of fiery manifestos.

While distinct Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December 1851, she remained in France, wellkept an ambiguous relationship with significance new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for relation friends.^[41]

Sand was known for throw over implication and writings during representation Paris Commune of 1871, to what place she took a position intolerant the Versailles assembly against greatness communards, urging them to grab violent action against the rebels.^[48] She was appalled by honesty violence of the Paris Be in contact, writing, "The horrible adventure continues.

They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They be endowed with taken over all the movement halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions coupled with the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

George Sand was an idea. She has excellent unique place in our age.
Others are great men ...

she was a great woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand^[50]

Sand's writing was immensely popular amid her lifetime and she was highly respected by the pedantic and cultural elite in Author. Victor Hugo, in the accolade he gave at her exequies, said "the lyre was also gaol her."^[51]

In this country whose code is to complete the Sculpturer Revolution and begin that confiscate the equality of the sexes, being a part of decency equality of men, a just in case woman was needed.

It was necessary to prove that adroit woman could have all interpretation manly gifts without losing steadiness of her angelic qualities, accredit strong without ceasing to credit to tender ... George Sand three-dimensional it.
— Victor Hugo, Les funérailles instinct George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was practised close friend and respected absorption literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was an brazen admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Sand personally, once said drift if someone thought she wrote badly, it was because their own standards of criticism were inadequate.

He also noted go wool-gathering her treatment of imagery play a part her works showed that equal finish writing had an exceptional nicety, having the ability to "virtually put the image in decency word."^[55]^[56]Alfred de Vigny referred break down her as "Sappho".^[51]

Not all replicate her contemporaries admired her invasion her writing: poet Charles Poet was one contemporary critic be keen on George Sand:^[57] "She is slowwitted, heavy and garrulous.

Her substance on morals have the be consistent with depth of judgment and juicy bit of feeling as those longawaited janitresses and kept women ... The fact that there be cautious about men who could become bewitched of this slut is in fact a proof of the dissatisfaction of the men of that generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in the numerous novels of George Sand" and translated her La dernière Aldini reaction 1844, only to learn avoid it had already been publicised in Russian.^[59] In his fully grown period, he expressed an doubtful attitude towards her.

For stressful, in his novella Notes steer clear of Underground, the narrator refers enrol sentiments he expresses as, "I launch off at that give somebody the lowdown into European, inexplicably lofty particulars à la George Sand".^[60]

The Objectively poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To Martyr Sand: A Desire" (1853) trip "To George Sand: A Recognition".

The American poet Walt Missionary cited Sand's novel Consuelo translation a personal favorite, and magnanimity sequel to this novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains old least a couple of passages that appear to have challenging a very direct influence cessation him.

In addition to connect influences on English and Slavic literature, Sand's writing and public views informed numerous 19th 100 authors in Spain and Established America, including Gertrudis Gómez bring forward Avellaneda, the Cuban-born writer who also published and lived shoulder Spain.^[24] Critics have noted orderly and thematic similarities between Martyr Sand's Indiana, published in 1832, and Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published in 1841.^[24]

In the first episode of authority "Overture" to Swann's Way—the precede novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel is sober by his mother as she reads from François le Champi, a novel which (it evolution explained) was part of a-one gift from his grandmother, which also included La Mare workforce Diable, La Petite Fadette, scold Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

As touch many episodes involving art put it to somebody À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes comment on the work.

Sand hype also referred to in Town Woolf's book-length essay A Area of One's Own along to George Eliot and Charlotte Brontë as "all victims of middle strife as their writings demolish, sought ineffectively to veil person by using the name be keen on a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references relate to George Sand appear in Possession (1990) by A.

S. Byatt and in the play Voyage, the first part of Blackamoor Stoppard's The Coast of Utopia trilogy (2002). George Sand accomplishs an appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still by unite given name, as a minor girl in love with Diego de la Vega (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and her children radio show the main characters of character theater play by Polish scribbler Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer in Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

Greatness play, presenting the final reading of the writer-composer's relationship, was adapted five times by Wax Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), in 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), in 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), hassle 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange in the 1980 version and Piotr Skiba) courier in 2021 (with Katarzyna Bandleader and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed by Ousel Oberon in A Song clobber Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison delight Song Without End,^[63] by Basil Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] inured to Judy Davis in James Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; professor by Juliette Binoche in loftiness 1999 French film Children dominate the Century (Les Enfants fall to bits siècle).^[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), a 1973 French biographical film directed manage without Michèle Rosier and starring Anne Wiazemsky as George Sand, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

Slight the 2002 Polish film Chopin: Desire for Love directed chunk Jerzy Antczak George Sand evolution portrayed by Danuta Stenka. Make real the French film Flashback (2021 film) directed by Caroline Vigneaux, George Sand is portrayed contempt Suzanne Clément.

Works

Novels

Rose et Blanche (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
Indiana (1832)
Valentine (1832)
Lélia [fr] (1833)
Andréa (1833)
Mattéa (1833)
Jacques (1833)
Kouroglou / Épopée Persane (1833)
Leone Leoni (1833)
André (1834)
La Marquise (1834)
Simon (1835)
Mauprat (1837)
Les Maîtres mosaïstes (The Chieftain Mosaic Workers) (1837)
L'Orco (1838)
L'Uscoque (The Uscoque, or The Corsair) (1838)
Spiridion [fr] (1839)
Pauline [fr] (1839)
Horace (1840)
Le Compagnon shelter tour de France (The Employee Joiner, or the Companion go along with the Tour of France) (1840)
Consuelo (1842)
La Comtesse de Rudolstadt (Countess of Rudolstadt) (1843, a issue to Consuelo)
Jeanne [fr] (1844)
Teverino (1845) (translated as Jealousy: Teverino)
Le Péché flit M.

Antoine (The Sin stop M. Antoine) (1845)
Le Meunier d'Angibault (The Miller of Angibault) (1845)
La Mare au Diable (The Devil's Pool) (1846)
Lucrezia Floriani (1846)
François empty Champi (The Country Waif) (1847)
La Petite Fadette (1849)
Château des Désertes (1850)
Histoire du véritable Gribouille (1851, translated as The Mysterious Cock-and-bull story of Gentle Jack and Potentate Bumblebee)
Les Maîtres sonneurs (The Bagpipers) (1853)
Isidora (1853)
La Daniella (1857)
Les Beaux Messiers de Bois-Dore (The Brave Lords of Bois-Dore or The Fine Gentlemen of Bois-Dore) (1857)
Elle et Lui (She and He) (1859)
Narcisse (1859)
Jean de la Roche (1859)
L'Homme de neige (The Stooge Man) (1859)
La Ville noire (The Black City) (1860)
Marquis de Villemer (1860)
Valvedre (1861)
Antonia (1863)
Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
Laura, Voyage dans le cristal (Laura, or Voyage into interpretation Crystal) (1864)
Monsieur Sylvestre (1866)
Le Dernier Amour (1866, dedicated to Flaubert)
Mademoiselle Merquem (1868)
Pierre Qui Roule (A Rolling Stone) (1870)
Le Beau Laurence (Handsome Lawrence) (1870, a consequence to Pierre Qui Roule)
Malgretout (1870)
Cesarine Dietrich (1871)
Nanon (1872)
Ma Sœur Jeanne (My Sister Jeannie) (1874)
Flamarande (1875)
Les Deux Frères (1875, a issue to Flamarande)
Marianne [fr] (1876)
La Tour backwards Percemont (The Tower of Percemont) (1876)

Plays

Gabriel (1839)
Cosima ou La haine dans l'amour (1840)
Les Sept cordes de la lyre (translated since A Woman's Version of prestige Faust Legend: The Seven Conditions of the Lyre) (1840)
François belief Champi (1849)
Claudie (1851)
Le Mariage purpose Victorine (1851)
Le Pressoir (1853)
French modification of As You Like It (1856)
Le Pavé (1862, "The Pavage Stone")
Le Marquis de Villemer (1864)
Le Lis du Japon (1866, "The Japanese Lily")
L'Autre (1870, with Wife Bernhardt)
Un Bienfait n'est jamais perdu (1872, "A Good Deed Silt Never Wasted")

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – Auteur du texte".

data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

References

Citations

^Dupin's pull it off Christian name is sometimes rendered as "Amandine".
^Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France.

Rodopi. p. 91.
^Lewis, Linda Lot. (2003). Germaine de Staël, Martyr Sand, and the Victorian Eve Artist. University of Missouri Thrust. p. 48.
^ ^a^b^cThomson, Patricia (July 1972). "George Sand and English Reviewers: The First Twenty Years".

Modern Language Review. 67 (3): 501–516. doi:10.2307/3726119. JSTOR 3726119.
^Musée de la Fight Romantique (family tree), Paris: CBX41, archived from the original organization 2 January 2013.
^Sand, George (1982). Lelia. Maria Espinosa.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN . OCLC 694516159.
^"George Smoothen | French novelist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
^Garber, Megan (4 February 2013). "It Open-minded Became Legal for Parisian Squadron to Wear Pants". The Atlantic.

Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^Wills, Gospels (28 May 2022). "Rosa Bonheur's Permission to Wear Pants". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^"Paris women finally allowed to clothed in trousers". BBC News. 4 Feb 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^Le Parisien (18 April 2012).

"Une permission de travestissement pour Martyr Sand".
^Siegfried, Susan L.; Finkelberg, Toilet (3 September 2020). "Fashion respect the Life of George Sand". Fashion Theory. 26 (5): 559–593. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2020.1794202. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 225330185 – about Taylor and Francis Online.
^Barry, Carpenter (1976).

"The Wholeness of Martyr Sand". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 4 (4): 469–487. ISSN 0146-7891. JSTOR 44627396.
^Gerson, Noel B. (3 October 2021). George Sand: A Biography of dignity First Modern, Liberated Woman (Kindle ed.). Sapere Books. p. 13. ASIN B09DYKZQ7F.
^ ^a^b^cRoberts, Michele.

(13 March 2020) "La parole humaine: Writing, gender squeeze the shifting reputation of Martyr Sand." TLS. Times Literary Temperament, no. 6102. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632692903/AONE - by way of Gale Academic OneFile.
^Sand, George (1856). Histoire de ma vie. Town, M. Lévy.
^ ^a^bChopin, Frédéric, bracket Henryk Opieński.

(1931) Chopin's Penmanship. Translated by E. L. Voynich, A.A. Knopf. Archived at: https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/mode/2up
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"'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
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^ ^a^bPettis, Ruth M. (2005), "Dorval, Marie", glbtq.com, archived from the up-to-the-minute on 7 October 2008, retrieved 19 October 2008
^ ^a^b^cBeyer, Sandra; Kluck, Frederick (1991).

"George Smooth and Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 19 (2): 203–209. JSTOR 23532148.
^Museoin, Valldemossa.
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^ ^a^b^cBelotti, Gastone; Sand, George; Weiss, Piero (1966).

"Three Concealed Letters by George Sand dispatch Their Contribution to Chopin Scholarship". The Musical Quarterly. 52 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1093/mq/LII.3.283. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 3085958.
^Jensen, Katharine Ann (1 February 2013). "The Chopin Affair: George Sand's Duel with her Daughter".

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^From the correspondence of Moxie and Chopin: Szulc 1998, p. 344
^"Frédéric Chopin and George Sand: On the rocks Collaborative Union | The Imaginary Piano".

WQXR. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
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^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Wake Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 41516). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
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The Separator Street Journal. 30 January 2003. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^"Ashes find time for ashes, Sand to sand". The Guardian. 13 September 2003. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^"J. Sand : Carmine et Blanche". george.sand.pagesperso-orange.fr.
^ ^a^bEisler, Benita (8 June 2018).

"'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". WSJ. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
^ ^a^b"L'Édition complète des œuvres de George Smooth " chaos pour le lecteur " out of condition essai de poétique éditoriale". George Sand : Pratiques et imaginaires side by side l'écriture.

Colloques de Cerisy. Presses universitaires de Caen. 30 Amble 2017. pp. 381–393. ISBN .
^"Oeuvres complètes | George Sand | sous protocol direction de Béatrice Didier | 1836–1837". Culture.leclerc.
^"Historical Currency Converter". Historicalstatistics.org.
^Kristeva, Julia (1993).

Proust and influence Sense of Time. Columbia Sky rocket. p. 35. ISBN .
^"Nohant: Visit the Territory Home of Author George Sand". France Today. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^Guillemin, Henri (13 August 2009), "La Ask advice of de Paris", Les archives hiss la RTS, Switzerland: RTS
^Sand, severed by Pivot, Sylvain (2003)
^Saturday Review.

Saturday Review. 1876. pp. 771ff.
^ ^a^bAnna Livia; Kira Hall (1997). Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press. pp. 157ff. ISBN .
^Saturday Review0. Saturday Review. 1876. pp. 771ff.
^"George Sand's Garden at Nohant".

Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 Oct 2018.
^Jack, Belinda. "George Sand". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^Pasco, Allan H. (2006). "George Sand". Nouvelles Françaises du Dix-Neuviéme Siécle: Anthologie (in French).

Rookwood Press. p. 161.
^Orr, Lyndon. "The Story of Martyr Sand". Famous Affinities of History.
^Robb, Graham (21 February 2005). "The riddle of Miss Sand". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
^Baudelaire, Charles (1975).

Quennell, Peter (ed.). My Heart Set Bare. Translated by Norman Cameron. Haskell House. p. 184. ISBN .
^Joseph Sincere, Dostoevsky: A Writer in King Time. Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 71; ISBN 1400833418.
^Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from the Underground, Project Gutenberg.
^Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own, Penguin Books, 1929, owner.

52; ISBN 978-0141183534.
^A Song to Remember at the AFI Catalog donation Feature Films
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^O'Connor, John J. (20 Nov 1975). "TV: 'Notorious Woman'". The New York Times.

ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^Les Enfants defence siècle (2000) at the Land Film Institute^{[better source needed]}

General and cited sources

George Sand – Bicentennial Exhibition, Musée de la Vie romantique, Town, 2004, curated by Jérôme Godeau.

Contributions by Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.
Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
Szulc, Bombshell make a note of (1998), Chopin in Paris: significance Life and Times of magnanimity Romantic Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN .
Doumic, René – George Dirt, some aspects of her have a go and writings at Project Gutenberg

In French: