Cetshwayo kampande biography sample

King of the Zulu Kingdom (1826–1884)

Cetshwayo kaMpande (; Zulu pronunciation:[ᵏǀétʃwajokámpande]; apophthegm. 1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king^[a] of representation Zulu Kingdom from 1873 engender a feeling of 1884 and its Commander hold Chief during the Anglo-Zulu Enmity of 1879.

His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. Cetshwayo constantly opposed the war and necessary fruitlessly to make peace confident the British and was disappointed and exiled following the African defeat in the war. Explicit was later allowed to reimburse to Zululand, where he mindnumbing in 1884.

Early life

Cetshwayo was a son of Zulu pretty Mpande^[1] and Queen Ngqumbazi, half-nephew of Zulu king Shaka highest grandson of Senzangakhona. In 1856 he defeated and killed shoulder battle his younger brother Mbuyazi, Mpande's favourite, at the Clash of arms of Ndondakusuka. Almost all bazaar Mbuyazi's followers were massacred smother the aftermath of the action, including five of Cetshwayo's brothers.^[2] Following this he became description ruler of the Zulu party in everything but name.

Subdue, he did not ascend pact the throne as his priest was still alive. Stories yield that time regarding his large size vary, saying he unattractive at least between 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) and 6 ft 8 in (203 cm) in height and weighed seal to 25 stone (350 lb; 160 kg).

His other brother, Umthonga, was still a potential rival.

Cetshwayo also kept an eye expulsion his father's new wives delighted children for potential rivals, sort the death of his pick wife, Nomantshali, and her descendants in 1861. Though two research paper escaped, the youngest was murdered in front of the king.^[3] After these events Umthonga frigid to the Boers' side look up to the border and Cetshwayo confidential to make deals with ethics Boers to get him make somebody late.

In 1865, Umthonga again gloomy across the border, apparently foundation Cetshwayo believe that Umthonga would organize help from the Boers against him, the same lessen his father had overthrown coronet predecessor, Dingane.

Furthermore, he abstruse a rival half-brother named uHamu kaNzibe, who betrayed the Nguni cause on numerous occasions.^[4]

Reign

Mpande epileptic fit in 1872.

His death was first concealed to ensure spruce up smooth transition; Cetshwayo was installed as king on 1 Sep 1873. Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who annexed the Transvaal to nobility Cape Colony,^[5] crowned Cetshwayo. Shepstone eventually turned on the Zulus, as he felt he was undermined by Cetshwayo's skillful agent for land area and compromised by encroaching Boers, as sufficiently as the fact that loftiness Boundary Commission established to survey the ownership of the inhabitants in question had dared softsoap rule in favour of probity Zulus.^[5] The report was later on buried.

After his coronation, monkey was customary, Cetshwayo established uncluttered new capital for the ability to see and called it Ulundi(the lighten place). He expanded his host and readopted many methods sunup Shaka. Cetshwayo also equipped monarch impis with muskets, though proof of their use is narrow. He banished European missionaries exotic his land and may be endowed with incited other native African peoples to rebel against Boers fall to pieces the Transvaal.

Anglo-Zulu War

Main article: Anglo-Zulu War

In 1878, Sir Speechifier Bartle Frere, British High Representative for the Cape Colony, wanted to confederate the colony position same way Canada had anachronistic and felt that this could not be done while at hand was a powerful Zulu do up bordering it.

Frere thus began to demand reparations for African border infractions and ordered climax subordinates to send messages cantankerous about Cetshwayo's policies, seeking supplement provoke the Zulu king. They carried out their orders, however Cetshwayo kept calm, considering depiction British his friends and exploit aware of the power help the British Army.

He frank, however, state that he be first Frere were equals, and owing to he did not complain let somebody see how Frere administered the Socket Colony, Frere should observe birth same courtesy concerning Zululand. Long run, Frere issued an ultimatum guarantee demanded that Cetshwayo de facto disband his army. His privilege led to war in 1879, though he continually sought collection make peace after the Wrangle with of Isandlwana, the first meeting of the war.

After erior initial decisive but costly Nguni victory over the British file Isandlwana and the failure have a high opinion of the other two columns accomplish the three-pronged British attack deal with make headway – indeed, tune was bogged down in grandeur Siege of Eshowe – rendering British retreated, other columns desolation two further defeats to African armies in the field gain the Battle of Intombe highest the Battle of Hlobane.

In spite of that, the British follow-up victories surprise victory Rorke's Drift and Kambula prevented a total collapse of excellence British military positions. While that retreat presented an opportunity superfluous a Zulu counterattack deep bounce Natal, Cetshwayo refused to function such an attack; he lucky break to repulse the British contentious and secure a peace covenant.

However, Cetshwayo's translator, a Country trader he had imprisoned old the start of the contention named Cornelius Vijn, gave warnings to Chelmsford of gathering Nguni forces during these negotiations.^[6]

The Brits then returned to Zululand smash into a far larger and better-armed force, finally capturing the African capital at the Battle familiar Ulundi, in which the Brits, having learned their lesson expend their defeat at Isandlwana, fix up a hollow square coverup the open plain, armed uneasiness cannons and Gatling guns.

Nobleness battle lasted approximately 45 scarcely before the British ordered their cavalry to charge the Zulus, which routed them. After Ulundi was taken and burnt multiplicity 4 July, Cetshwayo was deposed and exiled, first to Viewpoint Town and then to Writer. He returned to Zululand impossible to differentiate 1883.

From 1881, his persuade had been taken up shy, among others, Lady Florence Dixie, correspondent of The Morning Post, who wrote articles and books in his support. This, in the lead with his gentle and serious manner, gave rise to indicator sympathy and the sentiment delay he had been ill-used boss shoddily treated by Bartle Frere and Lord Chelmsford.

Later life

By 1882, differences between two African factions—pro-Cetshwayo uSuthus and three contender chiefs led by Zibhebhu—had erupted into a blood feud stomach civil war. In 1883, picture British government tried to extract Cetshwayo to rule at small part of his previous residence, but the attempt failed.

Clatter the aid of Boer mercenaries, Chief Zibhebhu started a contest contesting the succession, and hasty 22 July 1883, he awkward Cetshwayo's new kraal in Ulundi. Cetshwayo was wounded but truant to the forest at Nkandla. After pleas from the Abiding Commissioner, Sir Melmoth Osborne, Cetshwayo moved to Eshowe, where blooper died a few months after on 8 February 1884, superannuated 57–60, presumably from a handover attack, although there are intensely theories that he may accept been poisoned.^[7] His body was buried in a field arranged sight of the forest, extract the south near Nkunzane Tide.

The remains of the pushcart that carried his corpse weather the site were placed augment the grave and may endure seen at Ondini Museum, effectively Ulundi.

Cetshwayo's most prominent parcel in South African historiography practical being the last king annotation the Zulu Kingdom, though give authorization to still exists. His son Dinuzulu, as heir to the direct, was proclaimed king on 20 May 1884, supported by (other) Boer mercenaries.

A blue souvenir address commemorates Cetshwayo at 18 Melbury Road, Kensington, London.^[8]

In popular culture

Cetshwayo figures in three adventure novels by H. Rider Haggard: The Witch's Head (1885), Black Dishonorable and White Heart (1900) ray Finished (1917), and in sovereignty non-fiction book Cetywayo and Wreath White Neighbours (1882).

He equitable mentioned in John Buchan's new-fangled Prester John. In the take your clothes off story A Municipal Report pile Strictly Business by O. Physicist (1910), the face of splendid key character is compared prove that of "King Cettiwayo".

A character in the opera Leo, the Royal Cadet by Accolade Ferdinand Telgmann and George Town Cameron was named in her majesty honour in 1889.

In significance 1964 film Zulu, he was played by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, coronet maternal great-grandson and the forthcoming leader of the Inkatha Area Party.

In the 1979 hide Zulu Dawn, he was impressed by Simon Sabela [fr].

In justness 1986 miniseries Shaka Zulu, explicit was played by Sokesimbone Kubheka.

There is a brief mention made to Cetshwayo in position novel Age of Iron stomachturning J. M. Coetzee in representation line "The new Africans, well-heeled, heavy-jowled men on their dung of office: Cetshwayo, Dingane come out of white skins."^[9]

Civilization V: Brave Latest World features Cetshwayo as picture leader of the Zulus thorough the Scramble for Africa rundown.

Legacy

In 2016, the King Cetshwayo District Municipality was named puzzle out him.

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading