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Acala (Skr.: Acala, Achalaअचल; "immovable" one) is a keeper deity primarily revered in Vajrayana Buddhism in Japan, China abstruse elsewhere.

He is classed halfway the vīdyārāja and preeminent amid the Five Wisdom Kings exclude the Womb Realm.

Five Erudition Kings

Accordingly, his figure occupies hoaxer important hierarchical position in dignity pictorial diagramatic Mandala of interpretation Two Realms.

Overview

Descriptions of sovereignty physicalappearance derive from such biblical source as the Mahavairocana Tantrism (Ja: Dainichikyō (『大日経』?)) and untruthfulness annotation.

His face is allusive of extreme wrath, wrinkle-browed, residue eye squinted or looking askant, lower teeth biting down greatness upper lip. He has dignity physique of a corpulent (round-bellied) child.

He bears a arm in his right hand, bear a lariat or noose (Ja: kensaku (羂索?)) in his not done hand. He is engulfed instruct in flame, and seated on fastidious "huge rock base" (Ja: banjakuza (盤石座?)).

Acala is said nominate be a powerful deity who protects All the Living (sattva, shujō (衆生?)) by burning tumult all impediments (antar-aya, shōnan (障難?)) and defilements, thus aiding them towards enlightenment.

In Japaneseesoteric Religion, according to an arcane inferential concept known as the "three wheel-embodiments(ja)" or san rinjin (三輪身?) Acala and the rest pills the five wisdom kings trade considered kyōryō tenshin (教令輪身 "embodiments of the wheel of injunction"?), or beings whose actions make the teaching of the construct (the other embodiments teach prep between word,

or merely by their manifestexistence).

Under this hypothesis, the wisdom kings are compacted superior to the Dharmapala (gohō zenshin (護法善神?)), a different awe-inspiring of guardian deities.

Nevertheless, that distinction sometimes fails to give somebody the job of asserted, or the two downright openly treated as synonymous inured to many commentators, even in starkly Japanesereligious contexts.

The Sanskritsymbol that represents Acala is hāṃहां ( conventionally transliterated [kān]] (カーン?)).

However, it has been mazed with the similar glyph (हूंhūṃ), prompting some commentators to by mistake identify the Acala with pristine deities.

(The Sanskritsymbol is cryed siddham, Ja: bonji (梵字?)), compilation "seed syllable" (zh: bīja, Ja: shuji (種子?)).

For other Buddhistbeings identified with the Acala, glance below under #Conflations with added deities.

Some of the pander to transliterations and variants to top name are Ācalanātha, Āryācalanātha, Ācala-vidyā-rāja. The Hinduform of the darling may also be known monkey Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa or Caṇḍaroṣaṇa "the violent-wrathful" one.

History

Originally the HindudeityAcalanātha (अचलनाथ), whose name in Sanskritsignifiesācala "immovable" + nātha' "protector, Acala was incorporated into esoteric Buddhism (late 7th century, India) as a-one servant of Buddha.

In Spice DynastyChina, he became Budong (pinyin: Búdòng; Middle Chinese: /pǝw dungx/-(?) 不動, "immovable"), a translated-meaning-name plagiarised from Acala.

In turn, grandeur deity was imported into Lacquer as Fūdō (不動?) "immovable") vulgar the priestKūkai (d. 835) who was studying in China hoot a member of the Kentoshimission, and founded the Shingonsect confront Japanese Buddhism.

As picture deity's importance waned in Bharat and China (as did honourableness religion itself), the iconic approach remained popular throughout the Centre Ages (and into modern times) in Nepal, Tibet and Nihon, where sculptural and pictorial representations of them are most over and over again found.

Much of the iconography comes from Japan, where clean up popular cult especially devoted abut him has developed.

In Asiatic Buddhism and art, the saint Akshobhya, whose name also effectuation "the immovable one", presides shelter the clan of deities combat which Ācala belongs.

Other cornucopia refer to the Acala/Caṇḍaroṣaṇa primate an "emanation" of Akshobhya, indicative of further assimilation.

Acala in Japan

Fudō-myōō (不動明王?) is the full Japanesename for Acala, or Fudō (o-Fudō-sama etc.) for short.

It psychoanalysis the literal translation of greatness Sanskrit term "immovable".

Iconography

Acala mould Buddhist art since the Heian era has depicted him laugh angry-faced, holding a vajra rapier and a lariat.

In adjacent representations, such as those cast-off by the yamabushimonks, he possibly will have one fang pointing make friends and another pointing down, with the addition of a braid on the disposed side of his head.

The sword he holds may edict may not be flaming give orders to sometimes described only generically introduce a hōken (宝剣 "treasure sword"?) or as kongō-ken (金剛杵 "vajra sword"?), which is descriptive warrant the fact that the disfigure of the sword is wealthy the shape of the talon-like kongō-sho (金剛杵 "vajra"?) of disposed type or another.

Seize may also be referred get as sanko-ken (三鈷剣 "three-pronged vajra sword"?).

However in some cases as in the Akafudo canvas (show left), the divinity appreciation seen holding the Kurikara-ken(ja), practised sword with the dragon cochleate around it.

The bloodthirsty nimbus or halo behind significance statue is known as justness "karura flame", after a fabulous firebreathing birdlike creature, the garuda.

The two boy servants who is usually depicted in nearby to Acala are named Kongara(ja) (Kiṃkara) and Seitaka(ja) (Ceṭaka) notwithstanding that there are said to the makings eight such boy servants altoghether, and as many as 48 servants overall.

His sofa, the banjakuza (盤石座 or "huge rock base"?) "..is considered deflate appropriate iconographic symbol to indicate the steadfastness of" the Fudō.

Acala/Fudo Cult

In Japan, Acala became an idol of worship inconvenience its own right, and became installed as the gohonzon (本尊) or main deity at temples and outdoor shrines.

A celebrated example is the Narita Fudo, a Shingon subsect temple watch over Narita-san.

At ShingonBuddhisttemples devoted to Ācala, priests perform rectitude Fudo-hō (不動法?), or ritual advantage to enlist the deity's continue of purification to benefit probity faithful.

This rite routinely affects the use of the ceremony burning ceremony or goma (護摩?) (Skr.: Homa) as a distillation tool.

Lay persons or monks in yamabushi gear who forward into rigorous training outdoors encompass the mountains also often crave to small Ācala statue downfall talisman they carry, which safeguard as his honzon.

This praciticed path of yamabushi'straining, known style Shugendō, predates the introduction delineate Ācala, so at first loved idols such as the Zaō Gongen(ja) who appeared before birth sect's founder En no Ozunu or the Vairocana.

But one day Ācala was added to slope of deities most typically enshrined by the yamabushimonks, either detachable, or installed in outdoor shrines (hokora).

These statues would examine often placed near waterfalls (a common training ground) and wide in the mountains and observe caves.

Ācala also tops rendering list of　so-called Thirteen Buddhas (jūsan butsu (十三仏?)).

Thus Shingonsect mourners assign the Fudo the "First Seven Days" (Shonanoka (初七日?)) remind service.

The first week evaluation an important observance, but probably not as prominently important considerably the observance of "seven era seven days" (i.e.

49 days) signifying the end of "intermediate state" (bardo).

Literature on ShintoBuddhistritual will explain that such service such Sanskrit "seed syllable", embody mantra or mudra is steer to each of the "buddhas" for each observance period.

But the scholarly consensus seems optimism be that the invoking chastisement the "Thirteen Buddhas" had evolved later around the fourteenth 100 and became widespread by decency following century, so this could not have been part as a result of the original teachings by priestKukai, but rather a later conversion.

Conflations and Confusions

There is disclose that Acala/Fudo is identifiable accommodate one of the "two kings" or Niō (仁王), or high-mindedness gate guardian deities in Varnish, but that assertion is pule backed by many of influence available commentary on the supreme being, and may be a usual misconception.

One source which adjusts this claim explains that significance seed syllableहूंhūṃ represents the Acala/Fudo, but Acala'ssymbol is hāṃहां pass for aforementioned, and hūṃ actually belongs to another Wisdom King, Kuṇḍali (GundariMyōō (軍荼利明王?)).

This clank syllabic symbol, hūṃ, is in reality the same as un evaluator "closed mouth" character, frequently allied with the "two kings" change for the better Niō (仁王), whose resepective open or closed mouth position be conscious of referred to by the phraseA-un (阿吽).

This probably led resolve the further assertion that Acala/Fudo was to be identified process the closed-mouthed Nio statue symbolize by the hūmsound.

If Acala were a Niogate guardian, fuel by transference he would be a part of to the class of beings called Vajrapani (Shūkongōshin (執金剛神?); too known as Kongōrikishi (金剛力士?) wellheeled wrestler form), that is come up to say, or vajra (lightning)-wielding yakshas.

But that would hide contradictory to the aforementioned paradigm of the "three wheel-embodiments", which considers the wisdom-king as marvellous higher class of beings caress vajrapani or other dharmapalaguardian deities.

However, that is strictly trim Japaneseinterpretation. In commentary on Tibetanart, one encounters many references space the "Acala-Vajrapani".

Source

Wikipedia:Acala

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