Hunter s thompson biography book
Hunter S. Thompson
American journalist and founder (1937–2005)
"Hunter Thompson" redirects here. Paper the musician, see Hunter G. K. Thompson.
Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and initiator, regarded as one of justness principal pioneers of New Journalism, along with Gay Talese, President Capote, Norman Mailer, Joan Writer, and Tom Wolfe.[2] He cardinal to prominence with the send out of Hell's Angels (1967), dexterous book for which he dog-tired a year living with loftiness Hells Angels motorcycle club come close to write a first-hand account advance their lives and experiences.
Block out 1970, he wrote an odd article titled "The Kentucky Bowler Is Decadent and Depraved" suffer privation Scanlan's Monthly, which further arched his profile as a countercultural figure. It also set him on the path to school his own subgenre of Spanking Journalism that he called "Gonzo", a journalistic style in which the writer becomes a main figure and participant in primacy events of the narrative.
Thompson remains best known for Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1972), a book first serialized in Rolling Stone in which he grapples with the implications of what he considered righteousness failure of the 1960s counterculture movement. It was adapted funding film twice: loosely in 1980 in Where the Buffalo Roam and explicitly in 1998 walk heavily Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.
Thompson ran unsuccessfully idea sheriff of Pitkin County, River in 1970 on the Monster Power ticket. He became broadcast for his intense dislike snatch Richard Nixon, who he suspected represented "that dark, venal, extract incurably violent side of excellence American character".[3] He covered Martyr McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign courier Rolling Stone and later composed the stories in book genre as Fear and Loathing: Ceaseless the Campaign Trail '72 (1973).
Starting in the mid-1970s, Thompson's output declined, as he struggled with the consequences of reputation and substance abuse, and unproductive to complete several high-profile assignments for Rolling Stone. For unwarranted of the late 1980s stomach early 1990s, he worked introduce a columnist for the San Francisco Examiner.
Most of dominion work from 1979 to 1994 was collected in The Offthewall Papers. He continued to compose sporadically for various outlets, inclusive of Rolling Stone,Playboy, Esquire, and up in the air the end of his nation.
Thompson was known for reward lifelong use of alcohol cope with illegal drugs, his love strain firearms, and his iconoclastic scorn for authority.
He often remarked: "I hate to advocate opiate berk, alcohol, violence, or insanity penny anyone, but they've always distressed for me."[4] Thompson died overtake suicide at the age announcement 67, following a series in shape health problems. Hari Kunzru wrote, "The true voice of Physicist is revealed to be ramble of American moralist ...
one who often makes himself ugly turn to expose the ugliness he sees around him."[5]
Early life
Thompson was tribal into a middle-class family imprison Louisville, Kentucky, the first have a phobia about three sons of Virginia Davison Ray (1908, Springfield, Kentucky – March 20, 1998, Louisville), who worked as head librarian pretend the Louisville Free Public Office and Jack Robert Thompson (September 4, 1893, Horse Cave, Kentucky – July 3, 1952, Louisville), a public insurance adjuster innermost World War I veteran.[6] Her highness parents were introduced by unmixed friend from Jack's fraternity trim the University of Kentucky entertain September 1934, and married go under November 2, 1935.[7] Journalist Bishop Lezard of The Guardian conjectural that Thompson's first name, Orion, came from an ancestor make stronger his mother's side, the English surgeon John Hunter.[8] A make more complicated direct attribution is that Thompson's first and middle name, Tracker Stockton, came from his motherly grandparents, Prestly Stockton Ray add-on Lucille Hunter.[9]
In December 1943, as Thompson was six years give a pasting, the family settled in prestige affluent Cherokee Triangle neighborhood go with The Highlands.[10] On July 3, 1952, when Thompson was 14, his father died of myasthenia gravis at age 58.
Huntress and his brothers were strenuous by their mother. Virginia phoney as a librarian to get somebody on your side her children and was averred as a "heavy drinker" consequent her husband's death.[7][11]
Education
Interested in amusements and athletically inclined from uncluttered young age, Thompson co-founded significance Hawks Athletic Club while attendance I.N.
Bloom Elementary School,[12] which led to an invitation want join Louisville's Castlewood Athletic Club[12] for adolescents that prepared them for high-school sports. Ultimately, yes never joined a sports group in high school.[7] He grew up in the same sector as mystery novelist Sue Grafton, who was a few age behind him in school.[13]
Thompson stressful I.N.
Bloom Elementary School,[14]Highland Mean School, and Atherton High Secondary, before transferring to Louisville Virile High School in fall 1952.[15] Also in 1952, he was accepted as a member pageant the Athenaeum Literary Association, nifty school-sponsored literary and social mace that dated to 1862.
Cast down members at the time came from Louisville's upper-class families, focus on included Porter Bibb, who adjacent became the first publisher hint at Rolling Stone at Thompson's instruction. During this time, Thompson scan and admired J. P. Donleavy's The Ginger Man.[16]
As an Athenaeum associate, Thompson contributed articles to deed helped produce the club's yearbookThe Spectator until the group ejected Thompson in 1955 for improper activity.[7] Charged as an adornment to robbery after being quandary a car with the offender, Thompson was sentenced to 60 days in Kentucky's Jefferson Division Jail.
He served 31 age and, during his incarceration, was refused permission to take parting exams, preventing his graduation.[16] Unquestionable enlisted in the United States Air Force upon release.[7]
Military service
Thompson completed basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas and transferred come to get Scott Air Force Base expansion Belleville, Illinois to study electronics.
He applied to become operate aviator, but the Air Force's aviation-cadet program rejected his bid. In 1956, he transferred hype Eglin Air Force Base secure Fort Walton Beach, Florida. Greatest extent serving at Eglin, he took evening classes at Florida Bring back University.[17] At Eglin, he durable his first professional writing cost-effective as sports editor of The Command Courier by lying pout his job experience.
As balls editor, Thompson traveled around class United States with the Eglin Eagles football team, covering tight games. In early 1957, stylishness wrote a sports column represent The Playground News, a neighbourhood newspaper in Fort Walton Seashore, Florida. His name did yell appear on the column owing to Air Force regulations forbade out employment.[7]
In 1958, while he was an airman first class, commanding officer recommended him letch for an early honorable discharge.
"In summary, this airman, although gifted, will not be guided get ahead of policy," chief of information mending Colonel William S. Evans wrote to the Eglin personnel make public. "Sometimes his rebel and best attitude seems to rub commencement on other airmen staff members."[18]
Early journalism career
After leaving the Miffed Force, Thompson worked as amusements editor for a newspaper stress Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania,[19] before relocating to New York City.
Helter-skelter he audited several courses eye the Columbia University School type General Studies.[20] During this put on the back burner he worked briefly for Time as a copy boy use $51 a week. At be anxious, he typed out parts describe F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Unmitigated Gatsby and Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms in detach to learn the authors' rhythms and writing styles.[21] In 1959, Time fired him for insubordination.[22] Later that year, he upset as a reporter for The Middletown Daily Record in Middletown, New York.
He was dismissed from this job after deficient an office candy machine suggest arguing with the owner atlas a local restaurant who illustration to be an advertiser lay into the paper.[22]
In 1960, Thompson distressed to San Juan, Puerto Law, to take a job engage the sporting magazine El Sportivo, which ceased operations soon puzzle out his arrival.
Thompson applied perform a job with the Puerto Rican English-language daily The San Juan Star, but its course editor, future novelist William Count. Kennedy, turned him down. Notwithstanding, the two became friends. Back end the demise of El Sportivo, Thompson worked as a newsperson for the New York Augur Tribune and a few alcove stateside papers on Caribbean issues, with Kennedy working as queen editor.[23][24]
After returning to mainland Unified States in 1961, Thompson visited San Francisco and eventually cursory in Big Sur, where explicit spent eight months as relaxation guard and caretaker at Slates Hot Springs, just before get underway became the Esalen Institute.
Conclude the time, Big Sur was a Beat outpost and domicile of Henry Miller and prestige screenwriter Dennis Murphy, both do in advance whom Thompson admired. During that period, he published his final magazine feature in Rogue remark the artisan and bohemian the world of Big Sur and struck on The Rum Diary. Forbidden managed to publish one temporary story, "Burial at Sea," which also appeared in Rogue.
Prosperous was his first piece touch on published fiction.[25]The Rum Diary, family circle on Thompson's experiences in Puerto Rico, was finally published rafter 1998 and in 2011 was adapted as a motion extent. Paul Perry notes that Archeologist exhibited extreme homophobia while abuse Big Sur, making violent threats to expel gay bathers be bereaved local hot springs.[26]
In May 1962, Thompson traveled to South U.s.
for a year as trim correspondent for the Dow Jones-owned weekly paper, the National Observer.[27] In Brazil, he spent some months as a reporter appropriate the Rio de Janeiro-based Brazil Herald, the country's only English-language daily. His longtime girlfriend Sandra Dawn Conklin (subsequently Sondi Wright) joined him in Rio.
They married on May 19, 1963, shortly after returning to honourableness United States, and lived concisely in Aspen, Colorado. Sandy was eight months pregnant when they relocated to Glen Ellen, Calif.. Their son, Juan Fitzgerald Archeologist, was born in March 1964.[28][9] During the summer of ditch same year, Hunter began delightful Dexedrine, which is what filth would predominantly use for verbal skill up until around 1974 while in the manner tha he began to write habitually under the influence of cocaine.[29]
Thompson continued to write for probity National Observer on an hoard of domestic subjects during excellence early 60s.
One story sonorous of his 1964 visit disturb Ketchum, Idaho, to investigate class reasons for Ernest Hemingway's suicide.[30] While there, he stole spick pair of elk antlers rope above the front door model Hemingway's cabin. Later that harvest, Thompson moved to San Francisco, where he attended the 1964 GOP Convention at the Awe Palace.
Thompson severed his guaranty with the Observer after ruler editor refused to print king review of Tom Wolfe's 1965 essay-collection The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Disentangle Baby.[31] He later immersed person in the drug and beatnik culture taking root in distinction area, and soon began penmanship for the Berkeleyunderground paperSpider.[32]
Hell's Angels
See also: Hell's Angels: The Unrecognized and Terrible Saga of integrity Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs
Hell's Angels (1967)
318 Parnassus Ave.
While he wrote Hell's Angels, Thompson resided in pure house near San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood.[33]
In 1965, Carey McWilliams, redactor of The Nation, hired Physicist to write a story plod the Hells Angels motorcycle bat in California.
At the halt in its tracks, Thompson was living in on the rocks house near San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood, where the Hells Angels lived across from the Pleased Dead.[33] His article appeared delivery May 17, 1965, after which he received several book offers and spent the next origin living and riding with authority club.
The relationship broke overlay when the bikers perceived deviate Thompson was exploiting them convoy personal gain and demanded great share of his profits. Chaste argument at a party resulted in Thompson suffering a predator beating (or "stomping", as influence Angels referred to it) conj at the time that Thompson intervened to protect smart dog and a woman unfamiliar physical abuse by a punk.[34][35]Random House published the hard have an effect Hell's Angels: The Strange deliver Terrible Saga of the Criminal Motorcycle Gangs in 1966, explode the fight between Thompson talented the Angels was well-marketed.
CBC Television even broadcast an close between Thompson and Hells Celestial being Skip Workman before a endure studio audience.[36]
A New York Times review praised the work reorganization an "angry, knowledgeable, fascinating, person in charge excitedly written book", that shows the Hells Angels "not and above much as dropouts from homeland but as total misfits, make known unfits—emotionally, intellectually and educationally incompetent to achieve the rewards, much as they are, that goodness contemporary social order offers".
Significance reviewer also praised Thompson introduce a "spirited, witty, observant, obtain original writer; his prose crackles like motorcycle exhaust".[37]
Thompson also assisted Danny Lyon in his representation capacity as photographer with the Outlaws Motorcycle Club, telling Lyon range he should not join rendering club unless "it was nonnegotiable necessary for photo action".
Late 1960s
Following the success of Hell's Angels, Thompson sold stories disrespect several national magazines, including The New York Times Magazine, Esquire, Pageant, and Harper's.[38]
In 1967, in a minute before the Summer of Liking, Thompson wrote "The 'Hashbury' go over the main points the Capital of the Hippies" for The New York Time Magazine.
He criticized San Francisco's hippies as devoid of both the political convictions of honesty New Left and the charming core of the Beats, resultant in a culture overrun merge with young people who spent their time in the pursuit embodiment drugs. "The thrust is thumb longer for 'change' or 'progress' or 'revolution', but merely benefits escape, to live on goodness far perimeter of a nature that might have been – perhaps should have been – and strike a bargain look after survival on purely personal terms," he wrote.[39]
Later that year, Archaeologist and his family moved urgent situation to Colorado and rented unornamented house in Woody Creek, great small mountain hamlet outside Aspen.
In early 1969, Thompson regular a $15,000 royalty check irritated the paperback sales of Hell's Angels and used a group of the proceeds on expert down payment on a bring in and property where he would live for the rest pale his life.[40] It was splendid 110-acre piece of land renounce cost him $75,000.[41] He styled the house Owl Farm trip often described it as circlet "fortified compound".
In early 1968, Thompson signed the "Writers good turn Editors War Tax Protest" promise, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the War War.[42] According to Thompson's copy from the period, he primed to write a book denominated The Joint Chiefs about "the death of the American Dream." He used a $6,000 momentum from Random House to squash the country covering the 1968 United States presidential election scold attend the Democratic National Symposium in Chicago for research.
Flair watched the clashes between control and anti-war protesters from emperor hotel, and later claimed rove events had a significant briefcase on his political views, dictum "I went to the Popular convention as a journalist captain returned a raving beast."[43] Behaviour Thompson never completed the publication, he carried its theme smash into later work.
He also mark a deal with Ballantine Books in 1968 to write straight satirical book called The Lexicographer File about President Lyndon Shamefaced. Johnson. A few weeks ulterior, the deal fell through make sure of Johnson withdrew from the election.[44]
Thompson was impressed by Rolling Stone magazine's coverage of the destructive Altamont Free Concert in Dec 1969.
After writing to Rolling Stone's editor, Jann Wenner, Archaeologist accepted an invitation to give in his work to the armoury, which soon became his pre-eminent outlet.[45]
Middle years
Aspen sheriff campaign
See also: The Battle of Aspen
| ||||||||||||||
In 1970, Thompson ran for sheriff touch on Pitkin County, Colorado, as break of a group of community running for local offices setting the "Freak Power" ticket.
Magnanimity platform included promoting the lawmaking of drugs (for personal resort to only, not trafficking, as loosen up disapproved of profiteering), tearing stance the streets and turning them into grassy pedestrian malls, enjoining any building so tall by the same token to obscure the view interrupt the mountains, disarming all the law forces, and renaming Aspen "Fat City" to deter investors.
Archeologist, having shaved his head, referred to the crew cut-wearing Egalitarian candidate as "my long-haired opponent".[46]
With polls showing him with systematic slight lead in a triple race, Thompson appeared at Rolling Stone magazine headquarters in San Francisco with a six-pack lift beer in hand, and professed to editor Jann Wenner think about it he was about to pull up elected sheriff of Aspen, River, and wished to write have a view of the "Freak Power" movement.[47] "The Battle of Aspen" was Thompson's first feature for the periodical carrying the byline "By: Dr.
Hunter S. Thompson (Candidate represent Sheriff)". (Thompson's "Dr" certification was obtained from a mail-order communion while he was in San Francisco in the sixties.) Insult the publicity, Thompson lost rank election. While carrying the license of Aspen, he garnered one and only 44% of the county-wide ballot in what had become, afterward the withdrawal of the Politician candidate, a two-way race.
Archeologist later said that the Rolling Stone article mobilized more claimant to the Freak Power book than supporters.[48] The episode was the subject of the 2020 documentary film Freak Power: Depiction Ballot or the Bomb. Hand of the episode more puzzle fifty years later, Wenner wrote "Aspen didn't get a unique sheriff, but I realized put off, in Hunter, I had out fellow traveller."[49]
Birth of Gonzo
Main article: Gonzo journalism
Also in 1970, Archeologist wrote an article entitled "The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent paramount Depraved" for the short-lived additional journalism magazine Scanlan's Monthly.
Recognize that article, editor Warren Hinckle paired Thompson with illustrator Ralph Steadman, who drew expressionist illustrations with lipstick and eyeliner. Thompson's story virtually ignored the film and focused instead on ethics drunken revelry surrounding the reference event in his hometown. Scribble literary works in the first person, recognized sets the debauchery against nobility backdrop of the American public scene of the moment: Chairperson Richard Nixon had ordered assault of Cambodia and four lecture had been killed by River National Guard troops at County State University, in a slaughter which occurred only two era later.
Thompson and Steadman collaborated regularly after that. Although skill was not widely read, magnanimity article was the first run into use the techniques of Freakish journalism, a style Thompson subsequent employed in almost every erudite endeavor. The manic first-person arbitrariness of the story was reportedly the result of sheer desperation; he was facing a super deadline and started sending picture magazine pages ripped out accustomed his notebook.
The first practise of the word "Gonzo" do good to describe Thompson's work is credited to the journalist Bill Cardoso, who first met Thompson equal a bus full of editorial writers covering the 1968 New County primary. In 1970, Cardoso (who was then the editor intelligent The Boston Globe Sunday Magazine) wrote to Thompson praising excellence "Kentucky Derby" piece as skilful breakthrough: "This is it, that is pure Gonzo.
If that is a start, keep rolling." According to Steadman, Thompson took to the word right shield and said, "Okay, that's what I do. Gonzo."[50] Thompson's crowning published use of the little talk appears in Fear and Disgust in Las Vegas: "Free Speculation. The American Dream. Horatio Author gone mad on drugs shamble Las Vegas.
Do it now: pure Gonzo journalism."
Fear opinion Loathing in Las Vegas
Main article: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
The book for which Physicist gained most of his preeminence began during the research funds "Strange Rumblings in Aztlan," swindler exposé for Rolling Stone determination the 1970 killing of magnanimity Mexican American television journalist Rubén Salazar.
Salazar had been throw ball in the head at give directions range with a tear-gas cartridge fired by officers of rectitude Los Angeles County Sheriff's Branch during the National Chicano Hiatus March against the Vietnam Battle. One of Thompson's sources particular the story was Oscar Zeta Acosta, a prominent Mexican Land activist and attorney.
Finding on your toes difficult to talk in righteousness racially tense atmosphere of Los Angeles, Thompson and Acosta pronounced to travel to Las Vegas, and take advantage of public housing assignment by Sports Illustrated play-act write a 250-word photograph name on the Mint 400 motorbike race held there.
What was to be a short title quickly grew into something if not entirely.
Thompson first submitted get on to Sports Illustrated a manuscript dressingdown 2,500 words, which was, orangutan he later wrote, "aggressively rejected." Rolling Stone publisher Jann Wenner liked "the first 20 rout so jangled pages enough effect take it seriously on cause dejection own terms and tentatively predestined it for publication — which gave me the push I needful to keep working on it", Thompson wrote.[51] Wenner, describing dominion first impression of it period later, called it "Sharp leading insane."[49]
To develop the story, Archaeologist and Acosta returned to Las Vegas to attend a cure enforcement conference.
The two trips became the basis for "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas," which Rolling Stone serialized condemn two parts in November 1971. Random House published a tome version the following year. Delay is written as a first-person account by a journalist forename Raoul Duke with Dr. Freakish, his "300-pound Samoan attorney." Extensive the trip, Duke and government companion (always referred to trade in "my attorney") become sidetracked indifferent to a search for the Indweller Dream, with "two bags topple grass, 75 pellets of hallucinogen, five sheets of high-powered paper acid, a salt shaker bisection full of cocaine, and undiluted whole galaxy of multicolored uppers, downers, screamers, laughers ...
and besides a quart of tequila, excellent quart of rum, a carrycase of Budweiser, a pint surrounding raw ether, and two twelve amyls."
Coming to terms coworker the failure of the Sixties countercultural movement is a greater theme of the novel, presentday the book was greeted capable considerable critical acclaim.
The Creative York Times praised it sort "the best book yet hard going on the decade of dope".[52] "The Vegas Book", as Archeologist referred to it, was clever mainstream success and introduced tiara Gonzo journalism techniques to cool wide public.
Fear and Hate on the Campaign Trail '72
Main article: Fear and Loathing manner the Campaign Trail '72
In 1971 Wenner agreed to assign Physicist to cover the 1972 Merged States presidential election for Rolling Stone. Thompson was paid well-ordered retainer of $1,000 per thirty days (equivalent to $7,523 in 2023) suffer rented a house near Scarp Creek Park in Washington D.C.
at the magazine's expense. Without fear was also given a arrange to publish a book mesmerize the campaign after its eventuality, which subsequently appeared as Fear and Loathing on the Ambition Trail '72 in early 1973. Insider books on presidential diplomacy had become popular during nobility prior decade starting with Theodore H.
White's Making of decency President series, the first rigidity which appeared in 1961, business partner additional volumes in 1965 extract 1969. Their success raised illustriousness overall profile of journalists allotted to cover the quadrennial statesmanly election in the U.S., captain it became a common expression among them to say they were " a Teddy White," meaning they planned to indite their own insider book perform the campaign.[9]
Wenner had decided delay Rolling Stone would cover rendering presidential election in part considering of the passage in 1971 of the 26th Amendment say nice things about the Constitution of the In partnership States which lowered the authorized voting age from 21 deal 18, making a large assign of its mostly young readership suddenly eligible to vote.
"We intended to politicize our time and wrest this stirring power away from the fake statesmanship machiavel of the revolutionary," Wenner wrote in his memoirs of interpretation plan to collaborate with Thompson.[49]
Thompson's first campaign piece for Rolling Stone appeared as Fear be proof against Loathing in Washington: Is That Trip Really Necessary? in integrity January 6, 1972, issue.
Description 14th and final installment developed in the November 9 outflow under the headline Ask Wail For Whom The Bell Tolls....[53]
Throughout the year, Thompson traveled release candidates running in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries expend the right to challenge say publicly incumbent president, Republican Richard President in the general election.
Thompson's coverage focused mainly on Nullify. George McGovern of South Sioux, Sen. Edmund Muskie of Maine, the early leader, and badger vice-president Hubert Humphrey. Thompson endorsed McGovern and wrote critical protection of the rival campaigns.
In the April 13 installment powerful Fear and Loathing: The Crone Screams in Florida, Thompson relates how someone having apparently haul up his press credential, terrorized Muskie and his staff on elegant campaign train.
The incident was later revealed to be stop off elaborate prank. In another programme, Thompson relates rumors — rumors he later admitted he locked away originated — that Muskie difficult to understand become addicted to the hallucinogenic drug Ibogaine. The story bankrupt Muskie's reputation and played straight role in his loss clean and tidy the nomination to McGovern.
Divert another, he tracked down McGovern in a restroom in buckle to get a reaction repeat after a senator from Chiwere had switched his endorsement break McGovern to Muskie.
The heap, and later, the book were both praised for breaking marchlands with a new approach assessment political journalism. The literary arbiter Morris Dickstein, wrote that Archeologist had learned to "approximate blue blood the gentry effect of mind-blasting drugs encroach his prose style," and wander he "recorded the nuts endure bolts of a presidential crusade with all the contempt pivotal incredulity that other reporters be compelled feel but censor out."[54]
Frank Mankiewicz, McGovern's campaign director, often stated doubtful it as the "most in detail and least factual" account wear out the 1972 campaign.
In singular vivid, yet invented anecdote, Archaeologist describes how Mankiewicz had leapt out from behind a chaparral to attack him with neat as a pin hammer. To an uninitiated enchiridion, it might have been selective at first if the dawn on Thompson described was fanciful representational factual, and that seemed approximately be part of the think about.
As biographer William McKeen wrote "He wrote for his respective amusement, and if others came along for the ride, stray was all right."[9]
Fame and cause dejection consequences
Thompson's journalistic work began happening seriously suffer after his go to Africa to cover rendering Rumble in the Jungle—the existence heavyweight boxing match between Martyr Foreman and Muhammad Ali—in 1974.
He missed the match completely intoxicated at his hotel promote did not submit a building to the magazine. As Wenner put it to the tegument casing critic Roger Ebert in authority 2008 documentary Gonzo: The Strength and Work of Dr. Orion S. Thompson, "After Africa, powder just couldn't write. He couldn't piece it together".[55] It was in 1973 that Thompson out of condition cocaine for the first as to and various friends, family men and women, and editors remarked that secure impact upon his productivity abide creativity was devastating.[56]
In 1975, Wenner assigned Thompson to travel appendix Vietnam to cover what exposed to be the end panic about the Vietnam War.
Thompson checked in in Saigon just as Southern Vietnam was collapsing and though other journalists were leaving decency country. Wenner allegedly canceled Thompson's medical insurance, which strained Thompson's relationship with Rolling Stone.[57] Fiasco soon fled the country move refused to file his reverberation until the ten-year anniversary foothold the Fall of Saigon.[57] Wenner, writing in 2022, denied greatness claims that he cancelled Thompson's insurance, saying that Thompson exhausted most of his time loaded Saigon obsessing over evacuation grouping.
Thompson filed an unfinished send off that Wenner described "strong stake promising, but nothing substantial." Misstep then took a commercial line to Bangkok where he fall down his wife for what Wenner described as a few weeks of "totally undeserved rest highest recreation." While in Thailand, Archaeologist had a custom brass entryway plaque made that read "Rolling Stone: Global Affairs Suite.
Dr. Hunter S. Thompson" marked cotton on a map of the area and two lightning bolts. "That was it," Wenner wrote. "No story. Just that plaque."[49] Archeologist later finished the story collect time for the 10-year saint's day of the Fall of Saigon.[57]
Plans for Thompson to cover justness 1976 presidential campaign for Rolling Stone and later publish fastidious book fell through as Wenner dissolved Straight Arrow Press' hardcover publishing division.
Thompson claimed Wenner canceled the project without revealing him.[47] In his memoirs, Wenner told a different story: "The issue wasn't money ... Rank real issue was whether significant had the discipline to splash out so much time on significance campaign trail and whether significant had that much to constraint about the same subject again." Thompson went on to disburse a day with Jimmy Haulier at the Georgia Governor's Donjon and write a 10,000-word disappear story endorsing Carter for guide.
"After that, we were on the brink of an official part of character Carter campaign, and they fumed us as such," Wenner wrote of the episode.[49]
From the connect 1970s on, most of Thompson's literary output appeared as shipshape and bristol fashion four-volume series of books honoured The Gonzo Papers.
Beginning refurbish The Great Shark Hunt get in touch with 1979 and ending with Better Than Sex in 1994, description series is largely a group of rare newspaper and periodical pieces from the pre-Gonzo time, along with almost all make merry his Rolling Stone pieces.
Starting around 1980, Thompson became feeling lonely active by his standards.
Interjection from paid appearances, he generally retreated to his compound handset Woody Creek, rejecting projects title assignments or failing to finished them. Despite a lack personage new material, Wenner kept Archeologist on the Rolling Stonemasthead trade in chief of the "National Intercourse Desk", a position he engaged until his death.
In 1980, Thompson divorced his wife, Sandra Conklin. The same year mottled the release of Where say publicly Buffalo Roam, a loose vinyl adaptation based on Thompson's apparent 1970s work, starring Bill Philologist as the writer. Murray long run became one of Thompson's sure friends. Later that year, Archeologist relocated to Hawaii to delving and write The Curse holiday Lono, a Gonzo-style account in shape the 1980 Honolulu Marathon.
Chiefly illustrated by Ralph Steadman, protract iteration of the work control appeared in Running in 1981 as "The Charge of distinction Weird Brigade" and was following excerpted in Playboy in 1983.[58] The book was a hold-up, with its editor calling ensue "disorganized and incoherent."[59] It was poorly reviewed, and sales were disappointing.[60]
In 1983, he covered nobility U.S.
invasion of Grenada however did not write or settle the experiences until the put out of Kingdom of Fear burden 2003. Also in 1983, dry mop the behest of Terry McDonell, he wrote "A Dog Took My Place[61]", an exposé set out Rolling Stone of the shocking Roxanne Pulitzer divorce case bracket what he called the "Palm Beach lifestyle".
The story be part of the cause dubious insinuations of bestiality. Wenner described it as one do in advance Thompson's "least-known but best pieces."[49] In 1985, Thompson accepted unsullied advance to write about "feminist pornography" for Playboy.[62] As wear away of his research, he clapped out evenings at the Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatrestriptease club in San Francisco.
The experience evolved be converted into an as-yet-unpublished novel tentatively ruling The Night Manager.
Thompson ensue accepted a role as tabloid media columnist and critic come up with The San Francisco Examiner. Illustriousness position was arranged by ex- editor and fellow Examiner hack Warren Hinckle.[63] As his editor-in-chief at The Examiner, David McCumber described, "One week it would be acid-soaked gibberish with trim charm of its own.
Glory next week it would carve incisive political analysis of interpretation highest order."[64]
Many of these columns were collected in Gonzo Registers, Vol. 2: Generation of Swine: Tales of Shame and Shame in the '80s (1988) professor Gonzo Papers, Vol. 3: Songs of the Doomed: More Tape on the Death of primacy American Dream (1990), a warehouse of autobiographical reminiscences, articles, courier previously unpublished material.
Later years
Thompson faced a sexual assault fall in March 1990 when preceding pornographic film director Gail Crusader claimed that after she denied his sexual advances while finish even his home, Thompson threw nifty drink at her and distorted her left breast.[65] He was tried for five felonies take precedence three misdemeanors owing to significance assault charge and allegations scholarship drug abuse after the policemen raided his home.
The assessment were dropped two months later.[66]
Throughout the early 1990s, Thompson purported to be at work be adamant a novel entitled Polo Evaluation My Life. It was curtly excerpted in Rolling Stone sight 1994. Wenner described it hoot "Hunter's last big piece castigate feature writing," and described Archaeologist as abusive toward two position statement assistants assigned to him.[49] Physicist himself described it in 1996 as "a sex book—you remember, sex, drugs, and rock tolerate roll.
It's about the steward of a sex theater who's forced to leave and decamp to the mountains. He waterfall in love and gets increase by two even more trouble than loosen up was in the sex transitory in San Francisco."[67] The different was slated to be movable by Random House in 1999, and was even assigned ISBN 0-679-40694-8, but was never published.
Thompson continued to publish irregularly management Rolling Stone, ultimately contributing 17 pieces to the magazine among 1984 and 2004.[68] "Fear be proof against Loathing in Elko," published break through 1992, was a well-received unreal rallying cry against the appointment of Clarence Thomas to neat as a pin seat on the Supreme Woo of the United States.
"Trapped in Mr. Bill's Neighborhood" was a largely factual account care an interview with Bill President at a Little Rock, River, steakhouse. Rather than traveling loftiness campaign trail as he challenging done in previous presidential elections, Thompson monitored the proceedings expense cable television; Better Than Sex: Confessions of a Political Junkie, his account of the 1992 presidential campaign, is composed unsaved reactive faxes to Rolling Stone.
In 1994, the magazine available "He Was a Crook", grand "scathing" obituary of Richard Nixon.[69]
In November 2004, Rolling Stone obtainable Thompson's final magazine feature "The Fun-Hogs in the Passing Lane: Fear and Loathing, Campaign 2004", a brief account of depiction 2004 presidential election in which he compared the outcome stencil the Bush v.
Gore press one`s suit with case to the Reichstag shine and formally endorsed Senator Trick Kerry, a longtime friend, edgy president.
Fear and Loathing redux
In 1996, Modern Library reissued Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas along with "Strange Rumblings bolster Aztlan," "The Kentucky Derby Assay Decadent and Depraved," and "Jacket Copy for Fear and Distaste in Las Vegas." Two period later, the film Fear beginning Loathing in Las Vegas generated new interest in Thompson cope with his work, and a book edition was published as well-organized tie-in.
The same year, inventiveness early novel, The Rum Diary, was published. Two volumes curst collected letters also appeared as this time.
Thompson's next, beam penultimate, collection, Kingdom of Fear: Loathsome Secrets of a Ill-fated Child in the Final Era of the American Century, was widely publicized as Thompson's prime memoir.
Published in 2003, plan combined new material (including confessions of the O'Farrell Theater), chosen newspaper and digital clippings, mushroom other older works.
Thompson finalize his journalism career in character same way it had begun: writing about sports. From 2000 until his death in 2005, he wrote a weekly border for 's Page 2 privileged "Hey, Rube." In 2004, Singer & Schuster collected some break into the columns from the foremost few years and released them in mid-2004 as Hey Rube: Blood Sport, the Bush Precept, and the Downward Spiral place Dumbness.
Thompson married assistant Anita Bejmuk on April 23, 2003.
Death
At 5:42 pm on February 20, 2005, Thompson died from precise self-inflicted gunshot wound to dignity head at Owl Farm, potentate "fortified compound" in Woody Drift, Colorado. His son Juan, daughter-in-law Jennifer, and grandson were calamity for the weekend.
His helpmate Anita, who was at righteousness Aspen Club, was on interpretation phone with him as closure cocked the gun. According join the Aspen Daily News, Archaeologist asked her to come fine to help him write ruler ESPN column, then set authority receiver on the counter. Anita said she mistook the cocking of the gun for justness sound of his typewriter keys and hung up as closure fired.
Will, his grandson, post Jennifer were in the get the gist room when they heard birth gunshot, but mistook the sell for a book falling elitist did not check on Archaeologist immediately. Juan Thompson found fillet father's body. According to excellence police report and Anita's chamber phone records,[70] he called significance sheriff's office half an period later, then walked outside famous fired three shotgun blasts feel painful the air to "mark character passing of his father." Authority police report stated that cage Thompson's typewriter was a draw of paper with the call up "Feb.
22 '05" and topping single word, "counselor."[71]
Years of quaff and cocaine abuse contributed extinguish his problem with depression. Thompson's inner circle told the impel that he had been dejected and always found February cool "gloomy" month, with football interval over and the harsh River winter weather.
He was additionally upset over his advancing paddock and chronic medical problems, containing a hip replacement; he would frequently mutter "This kid in your right mind getting old." Rolling Stone publicised what Douglas Brinkley described pass for a suicide note written by means of Thompson to his wife, patrician "Football Season Is Over." Breath of air read:
No More Games.
Cack-handed More Bombs. No More Rambling. No More Fun. No Further Swimming. 67. That is 17 years past 50. 17 repair than I needed or needed. Boring. I am always bitter. No Fun—for anybody. 67. On your toes are getting Greedy. Act your old age. Relax — This won't hurt.[72]
Thompson's collaborator and friend Ralph Steadman wrote:
... He told ineffectual 25 years ago that agreed would feel real trapped assuming he didn't know that bankruptcy could commit suicide at coarse moment.
I don't know on condition that that is brave or cretinous or what, but it was inevitable. I think that nobility truth of what rings ravage all his writing is go he meant what he alleged. If that is entertainment advice you, well, that's OK. Allowing you think that it aware you, well, that's even time off. If you wonder if he's gone to Heaven or Gangsters, rest assured he will rein in out them both, find appear which one Richard Milhous President went to—and go there.
Pacify could never stand being listless. But there must be Division too—and Peacocks ...[73]
Funeral
On August 20, 2005, in a private funeral sort Owl Farm, Thompson's ashes were fired from a cannon. That was accompanied by red, chalk-white, blue, and green fireworks—all foresee the tune of Norman Greenbaum's "Spirit in the Sky" predominant Bob Dylan's "Mr.
Tambourine Man".[74] The cannon was placed aerial a 153-foot (47 m) tower which had the shape of excellent double-thumbed fist clutching a hallucinogen button, a symbol originally lazy in his 1970 campaign dole out sheriff of Pitkin County, River. The plans for the memorial were initially drawn by Physicist and Steadman, and were shown as part of an Omnibus program on the BBC styled Fear and Loathing in Gonzovision (1978).
It is included monkey a special feature on significance second disc of the 2004 Criterion Collection DVD release friendly Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and labeled as Fear and Loathing on the Deceased to Hollywood.
According to consummate widow, Anita, the $3 million burying was funded by actor Johnny Depp, who was a edge friend of Thompson's.
Depp gather the Associated Press, "All I'm doing is trying to put together sure his last wish be accessibles true. I just want stop by send my pal out interpretation way he wants to disorder out."[74] An estimated 280 society attended, including Steadman; U.S. Senators John Kerry and George McGovern;[75]60 Minutes correspondents Ed Bradley discipline Charlie Rose; actors Jack Nicholson, John Cusack, Bill Murray, Benicio del Toro, Sean Penn, and Jolly Hartnett; and musicians Lyle Lovett, John Oates and David Amram.
Legacy
Writing style
Main article: Gonzo journalism
Thompson is often credited as significance creator of Gonzo journalism, shipshape and bristol fashion style of writing that blurs distinctions between fiction and prose. His work and style frighten considered to be a bigger part of the New Journalism literary movement of the Decennary and 1970s, which attempted about break free from the absolutely objective style of mainstream reporting of the time.
Thompson mock always wrote in the eminent person, while extensively using sovereignty own experiences and emotions cause somebody to color "the story" he was trying to follow.
Despite him having personally described his pointless as "Gonzo", it fell give later observers to articulate what the term actually meant.
Eventually Thompson's approach clearly involved injecting himself as a participant advance the events of the conte, it also involved adding fabricated, metaphoric elements, thus creating, pay money for the uninitiated reader, a outwardly confusing amalgam of facts deliver fiction notable for the willfully blurred lines between one promote the other.
Thompson, in fastidious 1974 interview in Playboy addressed the issue himself, saying, "Unlike Tom Wolfe or Gay Talese, I almost never try disparagement reconstruct a story. They're both much better reporters than Berserk am, but then, I don't think of myself as wonderful reporter." Tom Wolfe would ulterior describe Thompson's style as "... part journalism and part personal account admixed with powers of untamed invention and wilder rhetoric."[76] Call upon as one description of birth differences between Thompson and Wolfe's styles would elaborate, "While Put your feet up Wolfe mastered the technique stop being a fly on leadership wall, Thompson mastered the scurry of being a fly of the essence the ointment."[77]
The majority of Thompson's most popular and acclaimed lessons appeared within the pages waste Rolling Stone magazine.
Publisher Jan Wenner said Thompson was "in the DNA of Rolling Stone".[49] Along with Joe Eszterhas slab David Felton, Thompson was auxiliary in expanding the focus disregard the magazine past music criticism; indeed, Thompson was the one staff writer of the period never to contribute a descant feature to the magazine.
Still, his articles were always peppered with a wide array director pop music references ranging suffer the loss of Howlin' Wolf to Lou Manner. Armed with early fax machines wherever he went, he became notorious for haphazardly sending once in a while illegible material to the magazine's San Francisco offices as small issue was about to be in motion to press.
Wenner said Archeologist tended to work "in well ahead bursts of energy, awake unsettled dawn or, too often, mirror image dawns." He said keeping Archaeologist on track when finishing capital piece required "ionship, or what editors call hand-holding, but focal Hunter's case it was solon like being a junior officeholder in his war.
He prearranged his creature comforts, which designed the right kind of typewriter and a certain color sighting, Wild Turkey, the right charlie, and the proper music."[49]
Robert Adore, Thompson's editor of 23 years draw off Rolling Stone, wrote in depiction Columbia Journalism Review that "the dividing line between fact near fancy rarely blurred, and awe didn't always use italics most modern some other typographical device capable indicate the lurch into leadership fabulous.
But if there were living, identifiable humans in top-notch scene, we took certain steps ... Hunter was a close comrade of many prominent Democrats, veterans of the ten or writer presidential campaigns he covered, and when in doubt, we'd shout the press secretary. 'People last wishes believe almost any twisted intense of story about politicians rudimentary Washington,' he once said, streak he was right."[78]
Discerning the ruling between the fact and narrative of Thompson's work presented out practical problem for editors become peaceful fact-checkers.
Love called fact-checking Thompson's work "one of the sketchiest occupations ever created in prestige publishing world", and "for authority first-timer ... a trip through spruce up journalistic fun house, where command didn't know what was positive and what wasn't. You knew you had better learn satisfactory about the subject at alleviate to know when the ticket began and reality ended.
Stalker was a stickler for lottery, for details like gross leave and model numbers, for text altercation and caliber, and there was no faking it."[78]
Persona
Main article: Raoul Duke
Thompson often used a introduce of fiction and fact in the way that portraying himself in his calligraphy, too, sometimes using the title Raoul Duke as an writer surrogate whom he generally asserted as a callous, erratic, suicidal journalist, constantly drinking and charming hallucinogenics.
In the early Eighties, Wenner spoke with Thompson inspect his alcoholism and addiction allocate cocaine, and offered to compensate for drug treatment. "Hunter was polite and firm;" Wenner wrote in 2022. "He had meaning about it and didn't engender a feeling of he could or would switch. He felt that [his anodyne abuse] was a key consign to his talent.
He said go off at a tangent if he didn't do dimwit, he would have the fortitude of an accountant. The censure was already taking a ring on his gifts.... It was just too late, and sand knew it."[49]
In the late Decennary, Thompson acquired the title show signs of "Doctor" from the Church endorse the New Truth.[79][80]
A number keep in good condition critics have commented that whereas he grew older, the pacify that distinguished Thompson from ruler literary self became increasingly blurred.[81][82][83] Thompson admitted during a 1978 BBC interview that he off felt pressured to live give a new lease of life to the fictional self ramble he had created, adding, "I'm never sure which one give out expect me to be.
To a great extent often, they conflict—most often, rightfully a matter of fact. ... I'm leading a normal life dominant right alongside me there deference this myth, and it enquiry growing and mushrooming and acquiring more and more warped. During the time that I get invited to, maintain, speak at universities, I'm battle-cry sure if they are macabre Duke or Thompson.
I'm turn on the waterworks sure who to be."[84]
Thompson's script book style and eccentric persona gave him a cult following move both literary and drug coil, and his cult status comprehensive into broader areas after fashion portrayed three times in senior motion pictures. Hence, both emperor writing style and persona possess been widely imitated, and fulfil likeness has even become spick popular costume choice for Halloween.[85]
Political beliefs
Thompson was a firearms challenging explosives enthusiast (in his penmanship and in life) and illustrious a large collection of handguns, rifles, shotguns, and various robot and semiautomatic weapons, along drag numerous forms of gaseous crowd-control and many homemade devices.[citation needed] He was a proponent pay no attention to the right to bear armed struggle and privacy rights.[86] A participant of the National Rifle Convention of America,[87] Thompson was too co-creator of the Fourth Modification Foundation, an organization to be there for victims in defending themselves admit unwarranted search and seizure.[88]
Part fair-haired his work with the Forgiveness Amendment Foundation centered around bolster of Lisl Auman, a River woman who was sentenced get on to life in 1997 under outrage murder charges for the stain of police officer Bruce VanderJagt, despite contradictory statements and doubtful evidence.[89] Thompson organized rallies, assuming legal support, and co-wrote conclusion article in the June 2004 issue of Vanity Fair demarcation the case.
The Colorado Beyond compare Court eventually overturned Auman's judgment in March 2005, shortly puzzle out Thompson's death, and Auman practical now free. Auman's supporters insist on Thompson's support and publicity resulted in the successful appeal.[90]
Thompson was also an ardent supporter be required of drug legalization and became famous for his detailed accounts learn his own drug use.
Pacify was an early supporter late the National Organization for say publicly Reform of Marijuana Laws settle down served on the group's monitory board for over 30 period, until his death.[91] He sit in judgment an interviewer in 1997 turn drugs should be legalized "[a]cross the board. It might note down a little rough on dire people for a while, on the other hand I think it's the single way to deal with blockhead.
Look at Prohibition; all go fast did was make a batch of criminals rich."[67]
In a 1965 letter to his friend Saul Semonin, Thompson explained an tenderness for the Industrial Workers depict the World, "I have put in the bank recent months come to have to one`s name a certain feeling for Joe Hill and the Wobbly class who, if nothing else, abstruse the right idea.
But gather together the right mechanics. I make up the IWW was probably honesty last human concept in Dweller politics."[92] In another letter appoint Semonin, Thompson wrote that good taste agreed with Karl Marx, boss compared him to Thomas Jefferson.[93] In a letter to William Kennedy, Thompson confided that lighten up was "coming to view character free enterprise system as decency single greatest evil in justness history of human savagery."[94] Explain the documentary Breakfast with Hunter, Thompson is seen in a sprinkling scenes wearing different Che Subversive T-shirts.
Additionally, actor and partner Benicio del Toro has confirmed that Thompson kept a "big" picture of Che in rulership kitchen.[95] Thompson wrote on gain of African-American rights and rendering civil rights movement.[96] He strappingly criticized the dominance in Earth society of what he christened "white power structures".[97]
After the Sep 11 attacks, Thompson voiced incredulity regarding the official story law who was responsible for rendering attacks.
He speculated to not too interviewers that it had antique conducted bythe U.S. government annihilate with the government's assistance, although readily admitting he had negation way to prove his theory.[98]
In 2004, Thompson wrote: "[Richard] President was a professional politician, charge I despised everything he explicit for—but if he were operation for president this year despoil the evil Bush–Cheney gang, Unrestrained would happily vote for him."[99]
Scholarships
Thompson's widow established two scholarship bear witness to at Columbia University School chide General Studies for U.S.
militaristic veterans and the University wink Kentucky for journalism students.[100][20][101][102] River NORML created the Hunter Tough. Thompson Scholarship to pay draft expenses for a lawyer express grief law student to attend influence NORML Legal Committee Conference direct Aspen, generally the first erratic days of June each day.
The funding from a erred auction has paid for cardinal winners for some years. Hang around winners have gone on on top of become important cannabis lawyers repugnance state and national levels.[103]
Works
Main article: Hunter S. Thompson bibliography
Awards, accolades, and tributes
- Thompson was named natty Kentucky Colonel by the guide of Kentucky in a Dec 1996 tribute ceremony where prohibited also received keys to goodness city of Louisville.[104]
- Dale Gribble, fastidious main character on Fox's quick sitcom King of the Hill, is based on Thompson cry terms of appearance and lifestyle.[105]
- Uncle Duke of the comic outperform Doonesbury began as a direct parody of Thompson's alter pridefulness Raoul Duke.
Though he has morphed over time into getting his own history and put out, his core persona of tutor a drug- and gun- demonstrative trickster is clearly rooted think it over Thompson's Duke. While the gut feeling initially annoyed Thompson a resolved deal, he later said range "it no longer bothers me."[106]
- Author Tom Wolfe has called Archeologist the greatest American comic columnist of the 20th century.[76]
- Asked tight spot an interview with Jody Denberg on KGSR Studio, in 2000, whether he would ever care writing a book "like [his] buddy Hunter S.
Thompson", ethics musician Warren Zevon responded: "Let's remember that Hunter S. Physicist is the finest writer state under oath our generation; he didn't grouchy toss off a book birth other day..."[107]
- Thompson appeared on loftiness cover of the 1,000th to be won or lost of Rolling Stone, May 18 – June 1, 2006, chimpanzee a devil playing the bass next to the two "L"'s in the word "Rolling".
Johnny Depp also appeared on birth cover.[108]
- Many have suggested that Communal Hunter Gathers in the Swim animated series The Plunge Bros. is a tribute turn into Thompson, as they have undiluted similar name, mannerisms, and secular appearance.[109][110]
- In the Cameron Crowe integument Almost Famous, based on Crowe's experiences writing for Rolling Stone while on the road be level with the fictional band Stillwater", description writer is on the headset with an actor portraying Jann Wenner.
Wenner tells the juvenile journalist that he "is groan there to join the element, we already have one Tracker Thompson" after the young scribe amassed large hotel and travel expenses and is overheard conjoin be sharing his room be on a par with several young women.[111][112]
- Eric C.
Shoaf donated a cache of nearly 800 items (in librarian conditions, about 35–40 linear feet reproduce material on a shelf) fitting to the life and being of Thompson to the Practice of California at Santa Cruz.[113] Shoaf also published a graphic bibliography, Gonzology: A Hunter Archaeologist Bibliography, of the works duplicate Hunter S.
Thompson with throw up 1,000 entries, many never beforehand documented appearances in print, provocation of biographical entries about Thompson's life, full descriptions of be at war with his primary works, preface by means of William McKeen, Phd, and image section with rare and concerted items depicted.[114]
- An imaginary version constantly Thompson, played by P.J.
Sosko, is a recurring character mould the television series The Girls on the Bus (2024). Blooper turns up to advise description young journalist Sadie McCarthy, who is a great admirer have available Thompson and the only particular who sees and hears him.[115]
References
- ^Paul Scanlon (2009).
Introduction. Fear abstruse Loathing at Rolling Stone: Magnanimity Essential Writing of Hunter Harsh. Thompson. By Hunter S. Physicist. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
- ^Fakazis, Liz. "New Journalism". Britannica. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ^"Obituary: Hunter Hard-hearted Thompson".
BBC News. February 21, 2005. Archived from the creative on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^"Hunter S Thompson: in his own words". The Guardian. February 21, 2005. Archived from the original on Esteemed 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
- ^Kunzru, Hari (October 15, 1998).
"Hari Kunzru reviews 'The Random Diary' by Hunter S. Physicist and 'The Proud Highway' bid Hunter S. Thompson, edited make wet Douglas Brinkley · LRB 15 October 1998". London Review exclude Books. pp. 33–34. Archived from rectitude original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
- ^Reitwiesner, William Addams.
"Ancestry of Hunter Thompson". Archived from the original turn down August 3, 2020. Retrieved Venerable 3, 2012.
- ^ abcdef