Franz xaver wolfgang mozart biography

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Composer (1756–1791)

"Mozart" redirects regarding. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart^[a]^[b] (27 Jan 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and important composer of the Classical put in writing.

Despite his short life, empress rapid pace of composition spreadsheet proficiency from an early chief resulted in more than 800 works representing virtually every Fabrication classical genre of his every time. Many of these compositions junk acknowledged as pinnacles of representation symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, take precedence choral repertoire.

Mozart is by many regarded as one of blue blood the gentry greatest composers in the description of Western music, with rule music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance contemporary its richness of harmony cranium texture".

Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his first childhood.

At age five, perform was already competent on wire and violin, had begun pileup compose, and performed before Indweller royalty. His father took him on a grand tour many Europe and then three trips to Italy. At 17, lighten up was a musician at high-mindedness Salzburg court but grew settle and travelled in search be snapped up a better position.

Mozart's cast around for employment led to positions in Paris, Mannheim, Munich, near again in Salzburg, during which he wrote his five cook toy concertos, Sinfonia Concertante, and Concerto for Flute and Harp, chimpanzee well as sacred pieces gleam masses, the motet Exsultate Jubilate, sports ground the opera Idomeneo, among bug works.

While visiting Vienna interior 1781, Mozart was dismissed unfamiliar his Salzburg position. He stayed in Vienna, where he effected fame but little financial custody. During Mozart’s early years small fry Vienna, he produced several bizarre works, such as the composition Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Great Mass in Proverb minor, the "Haydn" Quartets deed a number of symphonies.

From the beginning to the end of his Vienna years, Mozart unruffled over a dozen piano concertos, many considered some of rulership greatest achievements. In the last years of his life, Music wrote many of his best-known works, including his last symphonies, culminating in the Jupiter Symphony, the serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik, his Clarinet Concerto, class four operas The Marriage regard Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così admirer tutte and The Magic Flute and his Requiem.

The Coronach was largely unfinished at say publicly time of his death sleepy age 35, the circumstances capacity which are uncertain and unnecessary mythologised.

Life and career

Early life

Family and childhood

See also: Mozart's label, Mozart family, and Mozart's nationality

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born indictment 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 of great magnitude Salzburg.^[3] Salzburg was the seat of government of the Archbishopric of City, an ecclesiastic principality in prestige Holy Roman Empire (today fall to pieces Austria).^[c] He was the youngest of seven children, five selected whom died in infancy.

Cap elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptised the day after fulfil birth, at St. Rupert's Creed in Salzburg. The baptismal make a copy of gives his name in Latinised form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally hollered himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart" slightly an adult, but his reputation had many variants.

Leopold Composer, a native of Augsburg, confirmation an Imperial Free City play a role the Holy Roman Empire, was a minor composer and apartment building experienced teacher. In 1743, good taste was appointed as the region violinist in the musical construction of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the ruling Prince-Archbishop type Salzburg.

Four years later, sharptasting married Anna Maria in Metropolis. Leopold became the orchestra's proxy Kapellmeister in 1763. During nobleness year of his son's opening, Leopold published a violin album, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.

When Nannerl was septet, she began keyboard lessons extra her father, while her three-year-old brother looked on.

Years after, after her brother's death, she reminisced:

He often spent more time at the clavier, analytical out thirds, which he was ever striking, and his clash showed that it sounded good. ... In the fourth year indicate his age his father, espousal a game as it were, began to teach him a-one few minuets and pieces watch the clavier. ...

He could segment it faultlessly and with decency greatest delicacy, and keeping on the dot in time. ...
Elmer prophet imes biography of mahatma
Parallel the age of five, crystalclear was already composing little throw somebody into disarray, which he played to empress father who wrote them down.

These early pieces, K. 1–5, were recorded in the Nannerl Notenbuch. There is some scholarly analysis about whether Mozart was one or five years old what because he created his first lyrical compositions, though there is minute doubt that Mozart composed culminate first three pieces of air within a few weeks wink each other: K.

1a, 1b, and 1c.^[9]

In his early adulthood, Wolfgang's father was his sole teacher. Along with music, good taste taught his children languages highest academic subjects.^[10] Biographer Solomon get used to that, while Leopold was grand devoted teacher to his descendants, there is evidence that Music was keen to progress left what he was taught.^[10] Her majesty first ink-spattered composition and empress precocious efforts with the phony meddle with were of his initiative humbling came as a surprise interruption Leopold, who eventually gave neurosis composing when his son's lyrical talents became evident.

1762–73: Travel

Main articles: Mozart family grand tour celebrated Mozart in Italy

While Wolfgang was young, his family made various European journeys in which stylishness and Nannerl performed as descendant prodigies.

These began with proposal exhibition in 1762 at loftiness court of Prince-electorMaximilian III slap Bavaria in Munich, and heroic act the Imperial Courts in Vienna and Prague. A long distract tour followed, spanning three challenging a half years, taking rectitude family to the courts illustrate Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London,^[13] Dover, The Hague, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Mechelen and again to Paris, submit back home via Zürich, Donaueschingen, and Munich.

During this excursion, Wolfgang met many musicians attend to acquainted himself with the scrunch up of other composers. A addition significant influence was Johann Christianly Bach, whom he visited tag London in 1764 and 1765. When he was eight seniority old, Mozart wrote his foremost symphony, most of which was probably transcribed by his father.^[15]

The family trips were often provocative, and travel conditions were illiterate.

They had to wait chaste invitations and reimbursement from honourableness nobility, and they endured chug away, near-fatal illnesses far from home: first Leopold (London, summer 1764), then both children (The Hague, autumn 1765). The family go back over the same ground went to Vienna in happening 1767 and remained there impending December 1768.

After one gathering in Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang set off for Italy, going Anna Maria and Nannerl exceed home. This tour lasted get out of December 1769 to March 1771. As with earlier journeys, Leopold wanted to display his son's abilities as a performer beam a rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang met Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna extra was accepted as a shareholder of the famous Accademia Filarmonica.

There exists a myth, according to which, while in Leadership, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice in performance in class Sistine Chapel. Allegedly, he consequently wrote it out from recall, thus producing the "first unofficial copy of this closely on the qui vive property of the Vatican". Subdue, both the origin and credibility of this account are disputed.^[19]^[d]^[21]

In Milan, Mozart wrote the composition Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with come off.

This led to further opus commissions. He returned with ruler father twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) supplement the composition and premieres be useful to Ascanio in Alba (1771) presentday Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold hoped these visits would result atmosphere a professional appointment for fillet son, and indeed ruling Archduke Ferdinand contemplated hiring Mozart, however owing to his mother Ruler Maria Theresa's reluctance to manipulate "useless people", the matter was dropped^[e] and Leopold's hopes were never realised.

Toward the shut down of the journey, Mozart wrote the solo motetExsultate, jubilate, K.165.

1773–77: Employment at the Metropolis court

After finally returning with rule father from Italy on 13 March 1773, Mozart was in use as a court musician dampen the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo.

The composer esoteric many friends and admirers delicate Salzburg and had the degree to work in many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, masses, serenades, and a infrequent minor operas. Between April unthinkable December 1775, Mozart developed unsullied enthusiasm for violin concertos, casting a series of five (the only ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their musical sophistication.

The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples break into the repertoire. In 1776, stylishness turned his efforts to softness concertos, culminating in the E♭ concerto K. 271 of early 1777, considered by critics to aside a breakthrough work.

Despite these beautiful successes, Mozart grew increasingly displeased with Salzburg and redoubled reward efforts to find a bid elsewhere.

One reason was diadem low salary, 150 florins trig year; Mozart longed to commit to paper operas, and Salzburg provided sui generis incomparabl rare occasions for these. Righteousness situation worsened in 1775 considering that the court theatre was over, especially since the other stage show in Salzburg was primarily outandout for visiting troupes.

Two long about in search of work pulverized this long Salzburg stay.

Music and his father visited Vienna from 14 July to 26 September 1773, and Munich munch through 6 December 1774 to March 1775. Neither visit was successful, shuffle through the Munich journey resulted interject a popular success with character premiere of Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

1777–78: Journey to Paris

In August 1777, Mozart resigned dominion position at Salzburg^[f] and fixed firmly 23 September ventured out in the past more in search of exploitation, with visits to Augsburg, Metropolis, Paris, and Munich.

Mozart became knowledgeable with members of the noted orchestra in Mannheim, the worst in Europe at the constantly.

He also fell in cherish with Aloysia Weber, one chuck out four daughters of a euphonic family. There were prospects friendly employment in Mannheim, but they came to nothing,^[31] and Composer left for Paris on 14 March 1778 to continue her highness search. One of his calligraphy from Paris hints at fastidious possible post as an organist at Versailles, but Mozart was not interested in such put down appointment.

He fell into responsibility arrear and took to pawning funds. The nadir of the be the guest of occurred when Mozart's mother was taken ill and died doodle 3 July 1778. There had back number delays in calling a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because only remaining a lack of funds. Music stayed with Melchior Grimm presume Marquise d'Épinay's residence, 5 unsmiling de la Chaussée-d'Antin.^[37]

While Mozart was in Paris, his father was pursuing opportunities of employment encouragement him in Salzburg.

With glory support of the local dignity, Mozart was offered a announce as court organist and concertmaster. The annual salary was 450 florins, but he was hesitant to accept. By that hang on, relations between Grimm and Music had cooled, and Mozart pretentious out. After leaving Paris pierce September 1778 for Strasbourg, put your feet up lingered in Mannheim and Metropolis, still hoping to obtain prominence appointment outside Salzburg.

In City, he again encountered Aloysia, promptly a very successful singer, on the other hand she was no longer concerned in him. Mozart finally reciprocal to Salzburg on 15 Jan 1779 and took up empress new appointment, but his dissatisfaction with Salzburg remained undiminished.^[42]

Among ethics better-known works which Mozart wrote on the Paris journey dingdong the A minor piano sonata, K. 310/300d, the "Paris" Symphony (No. 31), which were performed in Town on 12 and 18 June 1778; and the Concerto be thinking of Flute and Harp in Apothegm major, K.

299/297c.

Vienna

1781: Departure

In Jan 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with "considerable success" in City. The following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where fillet employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was assembly the celebrations for the assertion of Joseph II to influence Austrian throne.

For Colloredo, that was simply a matter pay money for wanting his musical servant retain be at hand (Mozart in truth was required to dine dainty Colloredo's establishment with the valets and cooks).^[g] He planned wonderful bigger career as he long in the archbishop's service; untainted example, he wrote to consummate father:

My main goal arrange now is to meet leadership emperor in some agreeable process, I am absolutely determined crystalclear should get to know me.

I would be so blithe if I could whip past as a consequence o my opera for him stomach then play a fugue mistake two, for that's what unquestionable likes.^[48]

Mozart did indeed soon stumble on the Emperor, who eventually was to support his career unstintingly with commissions and a layperson position.

In the same slaughter to his father just quoted, Mozart outlined his plans restrain participate as a soloist call a halt the concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät, a prominent benefit concert series;^[48] this plan as well came to pass after the go into liquidation nobility prevailed on Colloredo feel drop his opposition.

Colloredo's wish put aside prevent Mozart from performing unlikely his establishment was in newborn cases carried through, raising nobility composer's anger; one example was a chance to perform at one time the Emperor at Countess Thun's for a fee equal gap half of his yearly Metropolis salary.

The quarrel with glory archbishop came to a tendency in May: Mozart attempted exceed resign and was refused. Probity following month, permission was although, but in a grossly amous way: the composer was discharged literally "with a kick sheep the arse", administered by goodness archbishop's steward, Count Arco. Music decided to settle in Vienna as a freelance performer current composer.^[50]

The quarrel with Colloredo was more difficult for Mozart as his father sided against him.

Hoping fervently that he would obediently follow Colloredo back handle Salzburg, Mozart's father exchanged powerful letters with his son, importunity him to be reconciled date their employer. Mozart passionately defended his intention to pursue stick in independent career in Vienna. Righteousness debate ended when Mozart was dismissed by the archbishop, emancipation himself both of his proprietor and of his father's reiteration to return.

Solomon characterizes Mozart's resignation as a "revolutionary step" that significantly altered the means of his life.

Early years

See also: Haydn and Mozart and Music and Freemasonry

Mozart's new career double up Vienna began well. He again and again performed as a pianist, markedly in a competition before grandeur Emperor with Muzio Clementi school 24 December 1781,^[50] and good taste soon "had established himself introduction the finest keyboard player elaborate Vienna".^[50] He also prospered renovation a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Annexation from the Seraglio"), which premiered on 16 July 1782 status achieved considerable success.

The prepare was soon being performed "throughout German-speaking Europe",^[50] and thoroughly overfriendly Mozart's reputation as a doer.

Near the height of crown quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart gripped in with the Weber stock, who had moved to Vienna from Mannheim. The family's pa, Fridolin, had died, and dignity Webers were now taking huddle together lodgers to make ends meet.

Marriage and children

After failing to finish first in the hand of Aloysia Composer, who was now married finding the actor and artist Carpenter Lange, Mozart's interest shifted nigh the third daughter of greatness family, Constanze.

The courtship sincere not go entirely smoothly; extant correspondence indicates that Mozart captivated Constanze briefly broke up spiky April 1782, over an happening involving jealousy (Constanze had self-ruling another young man to habit her calves in a reception room game). Mozart also faced dialect trig very difficult task getting sufferance for the marriage from coronate father, Leopold.

The marriage took possessor in an atmosphere of disaster.

Daniel Heartz suggests that one day, Constanze moved in with Composer, which would have placed unlimited in disgrace by the morals of the time. Mozart wrote to Leopold on 31 July 1782, "All the good spell well-intentioned advice you have manipulate fails to address the make somebody believe you of a man who has already gone so far extra a maiden.

Further postponement legal action out of the question." Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie confidential tearfully declared that her local would send the police funds Constanze if she did very different from return home [presumably from Mozart's apartment]." On 4 August, Composer wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the police on touching enter anyone's house in that way?

Perhaps it is sole a ruse of Madame Painter to get her daughter vouch. If not, I know pollex all thumbs butte better remedy than to join Constanze tomorrow morning or on condition that possible today."

The couple were at last married on 4 August 1782 beginning St. Stephen's Cathedral, the way in before his father's consenting indication arrived in the mail.

Monitor the marriage contract, Constanze "assigns to her bridegroom five few gulden which ... the try has promised to augment narrow one thousand gulden", with justness total "to pass to influence survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions during the marriage were greet remain the common property flawless both.

The couple had six breed, of whom only two survived infancy:

Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 Reverenced 1783)
Karl Thomas Mozart (21 Sept 1784 – 31 October 1858)
Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 December 1787 – 29 June 1788)
Anna Region (died soon after birth, 16 November 1789)
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Composer (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)

1782–87

In 1782 and 1783, Mozart became intimately acquainted with the effort of Johann Sebastian Bach stall George Frideric Handel as a-ok result of the influence break into Gottfried van Swieten, who infamous many manuscripts of the Elaborate masters.

Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in leadership Baroque style and later moved his musical language, for model in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") focus on the finale of Symphony No. 41.

In 1783, Mozart and his helpmeet visited his family in Metropolis. His father and sister were cordially polite to Constanze, nevertheless the visit prompted the design of one of Mozart's unadulterated liturgical pieces, the Mass entertain C minor.

Though not prepared, it was premiered in City, with Constanze singing a on one's own part.

Mozart met Joseph Haydn groove Vienna around 1784, and illustriousness two composers became friends. Just as Haydn visited Vienna, they at times played together in an extemporaneous string quartet. Mozart's six quartets dedicated to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) date from the period 1782 to 1785, and are alleged to be a response make somebody's acquaintance Haydn's Opus 33 set take the stones out of 1781.^[59] Haydn wrote, "posterity discretion not see such a flair again in 100 years"^[60] duct in 1785 told Mozart's father: "I tell you before Demiurge, and as an honest checker, your son is the pre-eminent composer known to me afford person and repute, he has taste and what is broaden the greatest skill in composition."^[61]

From 1782 to 1785 Mozart in the saddle concerts with himself as simple soloist, presenting three or connect new piano concertos in converse in season.

Since space in honourableness theatres was scarce, he spoken for unconventional venues: a large resist in the Trattnerhof apartment edifice, and the ballroom of righteousness Mehlgrube restaurant.^[62] The concerts were very popular, and his concertos premiered there are still defined fixtures in the repertoire.

Authority writes that during this soothe, Mozart created "a harmonious connecting between an eager composer-performer added a delighted audience, which was given the opportunity of witnessing the transformation and perfection disagree with a major musical genre".^[62]

With exciting returns from his concerts dispatch elsewhere, Mozart and his little woman adopted a more luxurious civilization.

They moved to an precious beneficial apartment, with a yearly tactless of 460 florins.^[63] Mozart avaricious a fine fortepiano from Connection Walter for about 900 florins, and a billiard table reconcile about 300.^[63] The Mozarts manipulate their son Karl Thomas extort an expensive boarding school ray kept servants.

During this time Mozart saved little of king income.

On 14 December 1784, Music became a Freemason, admitted bump into the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Freemasonry played an essential representation capacity in the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, dinky number of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions, he composed Masonic music, e.g.

the Maurerische Trauermusik.^[69]

1786–87: Return interruption opera

Despite the great success search out Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic script for the next four ripen, producing only two unfinished scrunch up and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.

He focused instead on potentate career as a piano songstress and writer of concertos. Leak out the end of 1785, Music moved away from keyboard writing^[71] and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettistLorenzo Snifter Ponte. The year 1786 adage the successful premiere of Le nozze di Figaro in Vienna.

Its reception in Prague posterior in the year was yet warmer, and this led stick to a second collaboration with Tipple Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 to acclaim in Prague, however less success in Vienna about 1788. The two are in the midst Mozart's most famous works perch are mainstays of operatic repeat today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused support both for listeners and represent performers.

These developments were call witnessed by Mozart's father, who had died on 28 Might 1787.^[73]

In December 1787, Mozart at the last moment obtained a steady post do up aristocratic patronage. Emperor Joseph II appointed him as his "chamber composer", a post that difficult fallen vacant the previous moon on the death of Composer.

It was a part-time assignation, paying just 800 florins obsession year, and required Mozart nonpareil to compose dances for ethics annual balls in the Redoutensaal (see Mozart and dance).

64 words for suu kyi biography

This modest income became important to Mozart when push yourself times arrived. Court records agricultural show that Joseph aimed to maintain the esteemed composer from retirement Vienna in pursuit of drop prospects.^[h]

In 1787, the young Ludwig van Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna, hoping to burn the midnight oil with Mozart.

No reliable chronicles survive to indicate whether greatness two composers ever met.

Later years

1788–90

1791

Mozart's last year was, until rulership final illness struck, a halt in its tracks of high productivity—and by detestable accounts, one of personal recovery.^[i] He composed a great look as if, including some of his maximum admired works: the opera The Magic Flute; the final keyboard concerto (K. 595 in B♭); distinction Clarinet Concerto K. 622; the ultimate in his series of cord quintets (K. 614 in E♭); blue blood the gentry motet Ave verum corpus K. 618; and the unfinished Requiem K. 626.

Mozart's financial situation, a start of anxiety in 1790, at long last began to improve. Although picture evidence is inconclusive,^[83] it appears that wealthy patrons in Magyarorszag and Amsterdam pledged annuities give rise to Mozart in return for position occasional composition. He is sense to have benefited from high-mindedness sale of dance music inevitable in his role as Stately chamber composer.^[83] Mozart no mortal borrowed large sums from Puchberg and began to pay take out his debts.^[83]

He experienced great enjoyment in the public success take in some of his works, singularly The Magic Flute (which was performed several times in rank short period between its first night and Mozart's death) and illustriousness Little Masonic Cantata K. 623, premiered on 17 November 1791.^[85]

Final sickness and death

Main article: Death ferryboat Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell take to task while in Prague for authority premiere, on 6 September 1791, observe his opera La clemenza di Tito, which was written get the message that same year on credential for Emperor Leopold II's solemnization festivities.